bri la] processions (Mishna, Baba metsia,\\, I), and ac- i the simpler religious services, when the young prophets, returning from the high-place, caught their inspiration from the harmony fl Sam. the pilgrims, on their way to the greal festivals of their ritual, beguiled the weariness of the march with psalms sung to the simple music of the pipe (Isa. xxx, 29). When Solomon was proclaimed king the whole people wi in up alter him to Gihon, piping with pipes i 1 Kings i. 10), The sound of the pipe was apparently a sofl wailing note, which made it appropriate to be used in mourning and at funerals (Matt. ix. 23), and in the la- ment of the prophet over the destruction of Moab (Jer. xli iii. 36). The pipe was the tj pe of perforated wind- instruments, as the harp was of stringed instruments il Mace. iii. 45), and was even used in the Temple-choir, as appears from Psa. lxxxvii, 7. where "the (.layers on instruments" are properly "pipers." Twelve days in the year, according to the Mishna (Arack. ii, 3), the pipes sounded before the altar: at the slaying of the Firsl Passover, the slaying of the Second Passover, the firsl feast-day of the Passover, the first feast-day of the Feast of Weeks, and the eight days of the Feastof Tab- ernacles. On the last-mentioned occasion the playing on pipes accompanied the drawing of water from the fountain of Siloah (Succah, iv, 1 ; v. I ) for live and .-ix days. The pipe- which were played before the altar were of reed, and not of COpper or hrolize. Ixeau-e the
former gave a softer sound. Of these there were not less than two ncir mure than twelve. In later times the office of mourning at funerals became a profession, ami the funeral and death-bed were never without the professional pipers ««r flute-players (aAAijrae. Matt, ix, 23), a custom which si ill exists (comp. Ovid. Fast, vi, 660, "cantabat moastis tibia funeribus"). Ii was in- cumbent on even the poorest Israelite, at the death of his wife, tee provide at least two pipers and cue woman to make lamentation. See Mi sit \i. In-iki mints.
In the social and festive life of the Egyptians the pipe played as prominent a part as among the Hebrews. "While dinner was preparing, the party was enlivened by the sound of music; and a band, consisting of the harp, lyre, guitar, tambourine, double and single pipe, flute, and either instruments, played the favorite airs and songs of the country" (Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt, ii.
Pious Worker.
Pipe, Mi si< al ,*;-!::■. chaliT). The Hebrew word invariably so rendered (1 Sam. x, 5; 1 Rings i, H); Isa. v. 12; xxx. 29; Jer. xlviii, 36; so also av\6g, 1 Cor. .xiv. 7 1 is derived from a root signifying "to bore, per- and i- represented with sufficient correctness bj the I i, ii ii •■ pipe" (or " flute," as in the margin of 1 0). It is one. of the' simplest, and then fore probably one of the oldest of musical instruments; and ii i lence of its simplicity of form there is n ason
thai the " pipe" of the Hebrews did not dif- fer materially from that of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. Il is associated with the tabrel itdph) as an instrument of a peaceful and social character, jusl as in Shakespeare I Much Ado, ii. 3), •• I have known when
no music with him but the drum and fife, and now had he' rather hear the- tabor and thx pipe" tl mi accompaniment of merriment and festivity
(Luke, vii, 32), and especially characteristic of "the piping time of peace." The pipe and tabret were used at the banqui ts of the Hebrews | Isa. \. 12), and their
Aieient Egyptian 1'ipe- : FPj-s. i, •>, double pipe.
.
222). In the different combinations of instruments used iii Egyptian hand-, we generally find cither the double pipe or the flute, and sometimes both; the for- mer being played both by men and women, the latter exclusively by women. The Egyptian single pipe, as described by Wilkinson ii, 308), was "a
straight tube, without any increase at the mouth, and when played was held with both hands. It wa- of
moderate length, apparently met exceeding a I and a
half, and many have been found much smaller: but these may have belonged to the peasants, without mer-
Ancieut Egyptian lieed-pipes. (Now in the British Mu- seum, one is 9 in. long, the other is.)
PIPE
223
PIPIIER
iting a place among the instruments of the Egyptian band. . . . Some have three, others four holes . . . and some were furnished with a small mouthpiece" of reed or thick straw. This instrument must have been some- thing like the nay, or dervish's flute, which is described by Mr. Lane (Mod. Egypt.vol. ii, ch. v) as "a simple reed, about eighteen inches in length, seven eighths of an inch in diameter at the upper extremity, and three
Modern Egyptian Pipes: Figs. 3, 4, 'the Zvmmuvra (14 ill. long): 5, mouth- piece of the latter ; 0, the Arghul(S ft. 2| in. long); each in sections, A-B, etc.
The Oriental
Nap or Flute,
with Case.
quarters of an inch at the lower. It is pierced with six holes in front, and. generally with another hole at the back. ... In the hands of a good per- former the nay yields tine, mellow tones; but it re- quires much practice to sound it well." The double pipe, which is found as frequently in Egyptian paiutings as the single one, "consist- ed of two pipes, perhaps occasionally united to- gether by a common mouthpiece, and played each with the corresponding hand. It was common to the Greeks and other people, and, from the mode of holding it, received the name of right and left pipe, the tibia dextra and sinistra of the Romans; the latter had but few holes, and, emitting a deep sound, served as a bass. The other had more holes, and gave a sharp tone" (Wil- kinson, A in: Egypt, ii, 309, 310). It was played on chiefly by women, who danced as they played, and is imitated by the modern Egyptians in their zummdra, or double reed, a rude instrument, used principally by peasants and camel-drivers out of doors(i&itf.p.311, 312). In addition to these is also found in the earliest sculpt- ures a kind of flute, held with both hands, and some- times so long that the player was obliged to stretch his arms to their full length while playing. Any of the instruments above described would have been called by the Hebrews by the general term chalil, and it is not improbable that they might have derived their knowl-