edge of them from Egypt. The single pipe is said to have been the invention of the Egyptians alone, who attribute it to Osiris (Jul. Poll. Onomast. iv, 10); and as the material of which it was made was the lotus-wood (Ovid, Fast, iv, 190, " horrendo lotos adunca sono"), there may be some foundation for the conjecture. Other ma- terials mentioned by Julius Pollux are reed, brass, box- wood, and horn. Pliny (xvi, GG) adds silver and the bones of asses. Bartenora, in his note on A rachin, ii, 3, above quoted, identifies the chalil with the French ckalumeau, which is the German schalme.it and our shawm or shalm, of which the clarionet is a modern improvement. The shawm, says Sir. Chappell (Pop. Mus. i, 35, note b), "was played with a reed like the wayte, or hautboy, but being a bass instrument, with about the compass of an octave, had probably more the tone of a bassoon." This can scarcely be correct, or Drayton's expression, " the shrillest shawm" (Polyol. iv, 366), would be inappropriate. — Smith, s. v. As among the Greeks, Komans, and the modern Arabs (see Nie- buhr, Reis. i, 180, where cuts are given), so probably among the ancient Jews, there were several kinds of pipe, distinguished chiefly by the number of holes. (See Joseph. War, iii, 9, 5; Pliny, x, GO; Dough- taei Anal, ii, 12; Altmann, in Tempe Helv. ii, 509 sq.) Yet we must not call to mind the completeness of mod- ern pipes and flutes, obtained by keys, etc. See esp. Meursius, De tibiis collectand. in Ugolino, Thesaur. voL xxxii: Bartholin, De tibiis vet. Bib. 3 (Amsterd. 1G79). — Winer, ii, 123. See Flute.
Pipe, Hydraulic. There are three Hebrew words so rendered: npU""2 (rnutsahah, Zech. iv, 2, something cast, as rendered 2 Chron. iv, 3); 2p3 (ne'ktb, prob. a bezel or cavity, Ezek. xxviii, 13); and "IfrSS (tsantdr, a tube, Zech. iv, 12 ; whence Kc'tvSapoQ, cantharas).
Pipe, John S., a Wesleyan minister, was born in the last half of the 18th century. He was converted when but a boy. He entered the itinerant ministry in 1790, and for thirty-rive years labored most successfully for the Gospel cause. He was generally employed in the most populous parts of the British kingdom, and was much beloved by the people to whom he preached. He died July 21, 1835. ;'His ministry was faithful, lively, and zealous, and his spirit affectionate, cheerful, and devout." — Wesleyan Met/i. May. 1835, p. 723. Piper (Rev. xviii, 22). See Minstrel; Pipe. Pipher, William G., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born August 23, 1817, in Hop- kinston, N. H. In 1837 he removed to Illinois, and en- tered a school in the town of Ebenezcr, near Jackson- ville. He was converted Aug. 6, 1838, and believing that he was moved by the Hoky Ghost to preach the Gospel, obtained license Aug. 14, 1841. In September of the same year he joined the Illinois Conference, and was appointed to the Rushville Circuit; in 1842 was sent to Carthage; in 1843 he was appointed to Pulaski; in 1844 was reappointed to Rushville; in 1845 to Mount Sterling: in 1846 to Lawrenceville ; in 1847 to Hills- borough; in 1848 was ordained elder; and from 1848 to 1850 held a local relation. In 1851 he was readmit- ted to the Conference, and reappointed to Pidaski; in 1852 to Havanna; in 1853 to Athens; in 1854 to Ed- gar; in 1855, his health not. being very good, he took a transfer to Kansas, which at that time was just open- ing for settlement. His first appointment was Topeka Circuit, where he labored with great acceptability, and laid foundations upon which others have since largely built. In 1857 he was sent to Big Springs Circuit, where he did a good work, organized classes and Sun- day-schools, attending to all the duties of a Methodist preacher. In 1858 he was appointed to the Auburn and Tecumseh Circuit, where he labored the earlier half of the year with some success ; but the long rides between appointments, the many exposures to storms, swimming swollen streams, with only such accommoda-
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tions as new settlements often afford, and sometimes wandering over the wide prairies until morning, broke him down completely, and ;ii the < lonfi rence in 1859 be
took a superannuated relati after which he resided
at Baldwin City, Kansas, highly respected and most beloved by those who knew him best. He died there May 1"», 1869. See Minutes of Annual Conferences, 1870, p. 94.
Piphiles, a name given to the Flemish Albigenses (see Ekhert, Adv. <'<itl«ir. in Bibl: .!/</. <•. 1jkj<L xxiii. Vlbigenses.
Pipping. Henri, a Gorman theologian and biogra- pher, was born at Leipsic in 1670. He discharged, from the year 1693, several ecclesiastical functions at the church of San Thomas at Leipsic, and became in 1708 preacher at the court of Dresden. Pipping died in 172:2. He wrote Arcana Bibliotheca '/'/mum Lipsiensis sacra ( Leipsic, 1780, 8vo) ■ Sac* r </< cadum sepli nui i Ham tkeologorum nostra cetatt clarissimorum exkibens (ibid. 1705, 2 vols. 8vo), followed by a Trias decadum (ibid. 17o7, 8vo): — Semicenturia Biograpkica selecta (ibid. 1709, 8vo) '.—Syntagma dissertationum (ibid. 1708 an.l 1723,
Piquepuz is the name of a French reformed order of Franciscans, which was organized by father Vincent Massart, a Parisian, in 1593. They buill their lirst convent between Paris and Pontoise, and the second at the place called Piquepuz, where they finally made their headquarters, and obtaiued the name by which they are generally known. The strength of the order confined to France is remarkable. They have a house at Rome, but it is the only one sanctioned outside of France, as pope Paul V, who gave authority for the order in 1620, so conditioned. Their dress is a black coat, and a round hood with scapulary. They wear sandals, and shave like the Capuchin monks.