resumed his office of secretary of state. By the articles of the congress of Vienna the whole of the I'apal States were restored, including the legations, which were not, however, evacuated by the Austrian iroops until after the fall of Mural, in 1815.
lh. remaining years of the life of Tins vn were -pent in comparative tranquillity, though not in idle- .1 I. applied himself to adapt, as far as it was prac- ticable, the civil institutions of his dominions to the great changes which had taken place in the social stale. I,\ a ■•niotu proprio" of the year 1816 he confirmed the suppression of all feudal imposts, privileges, monopolies, and jurisdictions; he abolished every kind of torture, including that called the "corda," or "estrapade," which was formerly a frequent mode of punishment at Rome;
he diminished the land-tax; retained the register of
■■ i.\ potbeques," or mortgages, instituted by the French ; laid down the basis ofa new code' of public administra- tion, and in November of the following year he published a new code of civil procedure, in which he regulated the co-ts of judicial proceedings, lie maintained the com- mercial conn- established by the French, a- well as the new system of police, enforced by a regular corps of car- abineers, in-lead of the old •• -l.irri." who were ineffective and corrupt (Touraon, Etiul<.< statistigues sur Rome, bk. iv, ch.vi). Unfortunately, however, tin- old system of Becrel proceedings in criminal matters wa- restored, as wc 11 a- 1 hat oi ii,,. ecclesiastical courts, which have ju- risdiction also over laymen. Tin-, however, also made Bome important alterations in the form of proceeding of the [nquisition, abolishing torture as well as the punish- ment of death for offences concerning religion. He did perhaps all that he' could do a- a pope, and certainly more
than any pope had done before him. Cardinal I onsalvi
PIUS
249
PIUS
took vigorous measures to extirpate the banditti of the Campagua; and in July, 1819, he ordered the town of Sonnino, a nest of incorrigible robbers, to be razed to the ground. With regard to spiritual matters, Pius con- cluded a new concordat with France, Naples, Bavaria, and other states. He condemned by a bull the political society of Carbonari, as well as other secret societies. In the month of July, 1823, the aged pontiff had a fall in his apartments and broke his thigh. This accident brought on inflammation, and he died Aug. 20. He was succeeded by Leo XII (q. v.). Thorwaldsen was commissioned to make his monument, which has been placed in St. Peter's. Pius YII stands prominent among the long series of popes for his exemplary conduct under adversity, his Christian virtues, and his general benev- olence and charity. Free from nepotism, virtuous, mod- est, unassuming, and personally disinterested, he was a stanch, though temperate, defender of the rights of his see; and his meek bearing and unblemished character engaged on his side the sympathies of the whole Chris- tian world, without distinction of community or sect, during the long struggle with his gigantic and ungen- erous adversary. A selection of his bulls, breves, etc., are found in Koskovany, Mcmum. Cath.pro independen- tia potest, eccl. Quinque eccl. (1847), ii, 1 sq. The Bulla- rium Romanum continual contains in vol. xi and xii (Rom. 1840) all bulls and breves till 180G. See Cohen, Precis histor. sur Pie VII (Par. 1823); Simon, La Vie politique et privee de Pie VII (ibid. 1824); Jager, Le- bensbeschreibung des Papstes Ping VII (Frkf. 1824) ; Ar- taud de Montor, Hist, de In Vie et du Pontifical du Pope Pie VII (3d ed. Par. 1839, 2 vols. 8vo) ; and Cardinal Pacca's Historical Memoirs, transl. into Engl, by Sir George Head (Lond. 1850, 2 vols, post 8vo); the Lond. Rev. 1854, pt. ii, p. 77 ; Ranke, Hist, of the Papacy, ii, 311 sq., et al. ; Bower, Hist, of the Popes, vol. viii; Ch. Journal, vol. vii; Stud. u. Krit. 18(57, No. i; English Cyclop, s. v., of which article we have largely availed ourselves.
Pius VIII, pope of Rome, was bom at Cingoli, in the province of Ancona, Italy, Nov. 20, 1761. His orig- inal name was Francis Xavkr Cas/iglimii. He was the friend of Pius VII, and was by him created bishop of Montalto in 1800; and elevated to the cardinalate in 1816. He was generally regarded as the most learned canonist of the papal court. He was desired for suc- cessor of pope Leo XII. During Pius YIII's short pon- tificate of one year and eight months (from March 31, 1829 till Nov. 30, 1830) nothing remarkable occurred. He warred against indifferentism, Bible societies, Free- masonry, and all secret associations, and successfully la- bored for the establishment of a patriarchate at Constan- tinople for the United Armenians. He deserves to be especially commended for his humane efforts with Dom Pedro of Brazil to suppress the slave traffic and system. His bulls, canons, etc., are in Roskovany, Monument. Cath. ii, 292-317. He was succeeded by pope Gregory XVI. See Artaud de Montor, Hist, du Pape Pie VIII (Par. 1843); Nodari, Vitm Pontificum Pii VI, VII, Leonis XII, et Pii VIII (Padua, 1840). (J. H. W.)
Pius IX, the last of the Roman pontiffs who held both temporal and spiritual rule. His original name was Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti. He was of noble parentage, though there are writers claiming him to be of Jewish descent. He was born at Sinigaglia, May 13, 1792. As a youth he was distinguished for a mild dis- position and for his works of charity. While still a child he was saved from drowning by a poor contadino, who lived to see him seated on what the historian Macaulay calls " the most ancient and venerable throne of Eu- rope." At the age of eighteen he went to Rome for the purpose of entering the body-guard of the reigning pontiff, Pius VII. An epileptic attack, however, pre- vented the attainment of his wishes, and he entered a religious seminar}', where his gentleness and devo- tion proved the foundation of his future distinction.