■ pt i. No. v. The French commander, Miollis, being afraid of an insurrection of the people of Rome, who bad shown unequivocal signs of attachment to their sovereign, thought it expedient to remove Pius from the capital. The Swiss guards made no resist- ance, havii that effect from the pope; and, protesting that he "yielded to force." Tins took his breviary under his arm. accompanied i he general to the pale. nli. re his carriage was ready, and drove oil' under an escort. lh- was taken first to Grenoble, in Dau- phine, from whence he was removed, by order of Na- poleon, to Savona, in the l;i\ iera of Genoa, where he re- mained till June, 1812. While Pius was at Savona, Na-
| invoked a c icil at Paris of the bishops of his
empire; hut he found that assembly less docile than he
I, and he dissolved it without reaching any conclusion. I he great question was how to till up the vacant sees, when the pope refused the canonical insti- tution. The pope at the same time would not recognise Napoleon's divorce from his first wile Josephine. In short. Napoleon found that unarmed priests were more difficult to conquer than the armies of one half of Europe (Thibaudeau, /.■ ( 'onsulat ■ i /'/;, ,</,;,■* . eh. bsxvii ; Botta, Storia (T Italia, bk. x.w ). The plan of Napoleon « as to have the pope settled at Avignon, or some other town of
Ids empire, a- hi- Bubjecl and hi- pensionan .and to con- trol himself the nomination not only of the bishops, hut of the cardinal- also, by which mean- he would have
added to his already overbearing temporal power tin in- calculabli support ofa spiritual authority w hich extends over a great part of the world. The resistance of Pius ted bis views. Napoleon at la-t imaginedthal by changing Pius to Fontainebleau he might succeed
in overc ing his firmness. He therefore cau
to hi' removed with the greatest secrecy. He waf brought to Fontainebleau in dune. 1812, lodged in the
imperial palace, and treated with marked i < - [ •< • t . Na- poleon had set out on his Russian expedition. After his return from that disastrous campaic.n. in December, L812, he went to -ee the pope, embraced him. and treat- ed him with studied attention ; he also allowed Beveral cardinal- who were at Paris to repair to Fontainebleau, and at la-t. chiefly through their persuasions, he pre- vailed upon the pope to Bign a new concordat, dan. _'.'>.
1813. It is not true, as Bome have Btated, that Na- poleon, ii e of his conferences with Pius, lifted his
hand against him and struck him. I'acca {MemOTXK Storiche, pt. iii. eh. i} denies this on the authority of
Pius himself, but thinks it very probable that Napoleon spoke to his prisoner in an authoritative and threaten- ing tone. Napoleon hastened to publish the ankles of the concordat, and to give them the force of laws of the
i in]. ire ; after which he granted free access to the pope, to all cardinals, and others who .hose to repair to Fon- tainebleau. Pius, who had scruples concerning some of the articles which he had Bigned, laid tie m bi fore the cardinals and asked their opinion. Several of the ear- pecially the Italian om-. such as Consalvi, Pacca, Litta. and Hi Pietro, stated that some of the ar- ticle- were contrary to the canon law and the legitimate jurisdiction of the Roman see. and pregnant with the most serious evils to the Church, and they urged the necessity ofa prompt retraction. They quoted the ex- ample oi Paschal II. who, in Bimilar circumstances hav- ing cedi d i>. t he emperor Henry V the right of investi- ture, hastened to suhmit his conduct to the judgment oi a council assembled in the Lateran, and the council revoked the cession. See Paschal II. Upon this Pius wrote to Napoleon, March 24, retracting his con- cessions, hut proposing a new basis for a concordat: Na- poleon, however, took no notice of the re i racial ion. ex- cept t.. exile -..me of the cardinals who. he thought,
had influenced it. Napoleon soon after set oil for his army in Germany, and the affair w ith the pope remained in 8USpen8e. It was only after the defeat of the I i, nch armies and their expulsion from Germany that Napo- leon proposed to restore to the pope the I'apal States south of the Apennines, if the pope would agree to a concordat. Pins answered that be would not enter into anj negotiations until he was restored t.. Rome. On dan. -I'l. 1814, an order came for the pope to leave Fon- tainebleau the following day. None of the cardinals were allowed to accompany him. He set ..ui. accompa- nied by an escort, and was taken to Italy. ( In arriving at the bridge on the river Nura, in the state of Parma, he met the ad\ anccd posts of the Neapolitan troops un- der .Mural, who was then making common cause with the allied powers against Napoleon. .Mural had taken
military occupation of the I; an state, but he offered
t.. give up Rome and the Campagna. Pius, however, preferred stopping at Cesena, his native town, until the political horizon was cleared up. After the abdication of Napoleon and the peace of Paris, Pius made bis en- trance into Rome, May 24, 181 1, in the midst of rejoic- ings and acclamations. His faithful Con.-alvi si. .11 after