whi.l, i- -aid t.> he correctly printed. This edition was reprinted several times. A complete edition, Greek and Latin, appeared at Leipsic (1774 17s;,. \-i vols.8vo), with i he name of J. J. Reiske, hut Reiske did very little i" it. ler he die, I in 1771. Aii edition by J. C. Ilulieii appeare.l at Tubingen (1791 1805, 11 vols. 8vo). A g l critical edition of all the works of Plutarch is still
wanted. See .1/,//,. Qu. l:,r. .Inly. L851, art. \i: 1852,
i \ristian Rev.vdL x and xi; Catholic World, Sept. 1870; Xean.ler. Christian Dogmas; Pressense, /.'•- ligions be/on <"/ir;.<t, p. is:; .sip; Donaldson, Literature i see index : Cudwortb, Intellectual Development of the Index iii vol. iih: l.ardner. Works; s, hall'. Hist, oftfo Apostolic Church, p. 140, 1 .">_' ; Lond. <>n. Rev. <>ct'. 1861; Trench, Plutarch, His Iih. His Lives, and His Morals (Lond. 1873, l2mo); Smith,
Pluto i n\oi riginally only a surname
of Hades. BS the giver or possessor of riches, i-. in the
mythology of Greece, the third son of Kronos and Rhea, and the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, on the
PLYMOUTH BRETHREN
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PLYMOUTH BRETHREN
tripartite division of the universe, he obtained the sov- ereignty of the under- world — the realm of darkness and ghostly shades, where he sits enthroned as a "subterra- nean Zeus" — to use the expression of Homer, and rules the spirits of the dead. His dwelling-place, however, is not far from the surface of the earth. Pluto is inex- orable in disposition, not to be moved either by prayers or flatteries. He is borne on a car, drawn by four black steeds, whom he guides with golden reins. His helmet makes him invisible, whence, according to some schol- ars, his name of Hades; although others, with at least equal probability, translate the word the " all-receiver." In Homer, Hades never means a place, but always a person. Moreover, it is to be noticed that the poet does not divide the realm of the shades into two separate re- gions. All the souls of the dead— good and bad alike — mingle together. Subsequently, however, when the ethical conception of future retribution became more widely developed, the kingdom of the dead was divided into Elysium (q. v.), the abode of the good, and Tarta- rus (q. v.), the place of the wicked. This change also exercised an important influence on the conception of Pluto. The ruler of the under-world not only acquired additional power and majesty, but the very idea of his character was essentially modified. He was now re- garded as a beneficent deity, who held the keys of the earth in his hand, and possessed its metallic treasures (whence his new name Pluto or Plutus), and who blessed the year with fruits, for out of the darkness underground come all the riches and swelling fulness of the soil. Hence, in later times, mortals prayed to him before pro- ceeding to dig for the wealth hidden in the bowels of the earth.
Pluto married Persephone (Proserpina), the daughter of Demeter (Ceres), after carrying her oft' from the plains of Enna. He assisted his brothers — according to the mythological story— in their war against the Ti- tans, and received from the Cyclops, as a reward for delivering them from Tartarus, the helmet that makes him invisible, which he lent to Hermes (Mercury) in the aforesaid war, to Perseus in his combat with the Gorgons. and which ultimately came to Meriones. The Erinyes and Charon obey his behests. He sits in judgment on every open and secret act, and is assisted by three subordinate judges, /Eacus, Minos, and Rhad- amanthus. The worship of Pluto was widely spread both among the Greeks and Romans. Temples were erected to his honor at Athens, Elis, and Olympia. Among trees and flowers, the cypress, boxwood, narcis- sus, and maidenhair were sacred to him ; bulls and goats were also sacrificed to him amid the shadows of night, and his priests had their brows garlanded with cypress wreaths. In works of art he resembles his brothers Zeus and Poseidon; only his hair hangs down some- what wildly and fiercely over his brow, and his appear- ance, though majestic, as becomes so mighty a god, has something gloomy and terrible about it. There can be little doubt that he, as well as Pan (q. v.), helped to trick out the conception of the devil prevalent during the Middle Ages, and not yet extinct. If it was from Pan that the devil derived those physical characteris- tics alluded to in the famous "Address to the Deil" by the poet Burns :
" O thou, whatever title suit thee, Auld Horuie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie,"
it is no less certain that it is to Pluto that he owes his position as "king of Hell," "his Blackness," and many of the insignia of his infernal royalty. — Chambers, s. v. See Smith, Bid. of Class. Bio<j. s. v.*
Plymouth Brethren, or Darbyites, is the name of a religious body which originated almost si- multaneously at Plymouth, England, and Dublin, Ireland, about the year 1830. They are most generally called after the name of the place where they first started in England, but sometimes they are called after their prin- cipal founder, John Darbv, at the time a clergyman of VIII.— U
the Episcopal Church of Ireland. He himself gave to his adherents the name of Separatists, because they Kit the Establishment and determined to maintain a sepa- rate existence as a Church.