in... i prominent Other divisions have oc- curred, but they are of very little importance. The "Brethren" are more or less numerous in Paris. Lau- ! Hand, Italy, and Belgium, on the Continent; ith, Exeter, and London, in England; a very few are in the United States, but more ii i rificing people. I he •• I'.n th have no
I he Bible, and condemn all who avow a ere, d. as putting human opinions in the place of the Word >l isly doubt if there is a Church in the land which has a more i learly defined creed than
they have. They denounce all i intaries on the
misleading, and yel Mr. Darby himself has taries ipiit< extensively on the Bible, ithingof U'Intosh. In faith they seem to be strongly Antinomian. If once justified, it i- their belief that the -"ul not only can never fall from grace finally, . I into condemnation. I lie soul's Btand- 1 hrial himself. In other respects uitially the great and leading doctrines no written creed '>r con- \ difficult to find out exactly j do hold. Each one i- in every reaped al- bold what he pleases, consistently with con- tinued ; real I hristian, ; i the leading doctrim
i j thing to r another, or i obligatory
any further than be can, by more perfect!} instructing r. indue- htm to accept tin in. l h. ir vii ws ol ■ worship are al tay, not in preaching or praying petition- ing though tl . to worship, but amply in adoration, praise, and than
for what he i- in himself, and what lie is for those who render it. Hence worship can only be rendered by true Christians, in the breaking of bread and in the praise and thanksgiving which they render. Their services, therefore, for believers and for unconvi rt< d people are entirely distinct. They hold the obligation ofthe Church t" come together the iir-t day ofthe week to break bread; hence they observe the Lord's Supper every Sabbath morning, and believers aloni peeled I,, come togethi r then. They nevi r preach in the morning, but usually simply exhort, two, or al the most three of them, speaking during the service. In
the after n or evening of the Sabbath they preach to
sinners. The Plymouth Brethren are the opposite ex- treme to [rvingism and Mormonism, and yel resem- ble these in several respects. Hiej too, are a protest againsl the present state ofthe Church, Protestant as well as Catholic, which they denounce as Babel,. and expeel the speedy coming ofthe Lord. Bui while the [rvingites and Mormons lay claim to an apostolical hie- rarchy, the "Brethren," like the Quakers, rejecl the specific ministry, and all written creed- and outward ( Ihurch organization. They derive the disunion of the Church from the neglect to recognise the Holy Spirit as Christ's vicar on earth, and the all-sufficient inter- preter of the Holy Scriptures. All human cree Is, they say, involve a vital denial of this sufficiency of the Spirit, and practically restrict his operations. All believ- ers are true spiritual priests, capacitated lor worship (Heb. x, 19, 25 i, and all those who possess the qualifica- tions from the Lord are not only authorized but obliged to evangelize the world and build up the < hurch, with- out any ordination of men. This they ci nsider to be the true apostolic mode of worship, according to 1 Cor. xii and xiv. But, unlike the Quakers, they retain the ordinance of baptism, and administer thi Lord's £ everj week. As a body, they hold to adult I baptism only, hut if one come- to them who was bapr ii/.ed in infancy, while they receive him. they generally manage to convince him very soon of the importance of luin- rebaptized. As to the remainder of th Mi. \ seem to agree mosl with the Calvinistic system, and are -aid to he zealous in g 1 work-, s,.- Guin- ness, Who are th Plymouth Brethrenf (Phila. L861); Dennett, Plymouth Brethren, their Rise, etc; Brit.Qu. < let. 1873, art. iii: Presbyt. Qu. dan. 1872, p. 48; .Mars- den. Diet, of Churches, p. 91 ; Jahrb. deutscher Theolo- 'e, 1870, voL iv; Dr. Steele, in the Advocate of Chris- tian Holiness, 1876; Brit.and For. Ev. Rev. July, 1865, an.ii; Lond. Qu.Bev. No. liii. 1869, art. iii. (J.H. \Y.)
Fnev.matology (from irvebpa, spirit, and \oyoc, iii- doctrine of spiritual existence. ( on-idcrcd as tl . science of mind or spirit, pneumatology consists parts: treating ofthe divine mind, theology ; lie mind, angelology; and the human mind. I hi- las) i- now called psychology, "a term to which no competeni objection can be made, and which affords us. what the various clumsy periphrases in use do not, a convenient adjective, psychological (Sir W.Hamil- ton, A'< id's Works, p. 219, note I. I he b< lief in a return from the dead, apparitions, and -pirit- i- largely incor- porated in the traditions of the dews, and prevailed al- nio-t universally in the scholastic ages. The mystic r in. and I manuel Swedenborg made it a popular phase of belief in Northern Europe, and Marti- ni /. Pasqualia and his disciple St. Martin caused it to prevail among the people of France and in Southern Europe. All tin-,- teach r- have given accounts of the order- of spiritual hi ine> who held communication with