We now give an alphabetical list of such as wrote against Christianity, and who, for the most part, have been treated upon in this Cyclopcedia, to which refer- ence is made :
. I !n ndana, Jacob (q. v.), carried on a controversy with Htdsius ( 1699), and translated the Cusari into Spanish.
Abrabanel, Isaac (q. v.), whose commentaries contain the strongest invectives against Christianity; and so likiwise his fiSVtfl S^KEE and irPEE T',"y^.
Albo,. Joseph, who died in 1444, took part in the con- ference held with Jerome de Santa Fe, which took place at Tortosa in 1413-14 under the presidency of Peter de Luna, afterwards Benedict XIII. He is the author of the Sepher Ikkarim, D^~p" "i£&, i. e. "the Book of Principles." " This book," says P. Wise, " was the first, and for a long time the only one which at- tacked the dogmas of the Poman Catholic Church. His opponents spoke, wrote, and argued so much against him that he became quite popular in Christian circles, and thus also a forerunner of the Reformation." This effusion of the Cincinnati rabbi is of course only to be taken cum grano salis, for a personal acquaintance with the work would have told him that only the last division contains what can be called antichristian.
Arama, Isaac, one of the Spanish exiles, impugns Christianity in his TV3p """", i. c. "the Heavy Vision."
Hi <hai, ben-Asher's attacks upon Christianity can only be found in the earliest editions of his commentary on the Pentateuch.
Farrissol, Abraham (q. v.), is the author of "13 C!~p;X, i.e. "the Shield of Abraham," written against Christianity.
Isaac-Jacob ben-Saul, of the 18th century, wrote his Buch der l'< rzeichmrng. Bine i'nti r/n isnng trie man seine Relit/ion gi gen die Ant/riJ'e des Christen/hums, lind ir'n man iibt rhaupt den Einwiirfen der Polemik antworten soil (Amsterdam, 1693).
Jechiel ben- Joseph (q. v.), author of mil, was a member of the conference held at Paris between Nico- laus Donin and some Jewish savans. Jechiel would not admit that the Jesus mentioned in the Talmud is Jesus of Nazareth, but another, a discovery which was copied by later writers. But Jews themselves acknowl- edge the failure of such an assertion ; for, says Dr. Levin, in his prize essay, Die Religionsdisputation dts /'. J> ch'u I von Paris, etc. (published in Gratz's Monaisschrift, 1869, p. 193), " We must regard the attempt of P. Jechiel
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in thai there were two by the nam . original as the idea may be."
h ha-Levi I - is the author of
n /. Joseph ben-Shemtob (q.v.), the commentator on Pro- li.n Duran's (q. v. | Epistle.
Joseph Ibn-Jachja (q.v.) attacks Christianity in his commentary on the Hagiographa.
.. David and Joseph (q.v.), made their com- mentaries ili" arena "i attacks.
Lipmatm, Yomtob (q. v.), is the author of the well- achon. .... Isaac, defended Judaism against a monk of Seville in Ids Apologia Basle, 1658 .
ifachir ••/ Toledo i- the author ol an eschatology of Judaism in three sections; the ii r-t Hulsius translated into Latin, with a refutation.
• >, I lias i q. \ .), \\ r.<t. an ap in I » i — Livro Fayto.
i, &au/(q.v.), the teacher of Spinoza, was so virulent in hi- nr" : — P that ii could not In- printed, q.v.), speaks against Christian- ity in more than one of lii- works.
Sal /.' «•/ (q. v. I, wrote his ./< wish Tke- _: ainst Brenz.
. . i- the pretended editor "fan antichristian work written by Joseph Nasi ofNaxos.
. Isaac (q. v ■ • " r'"'c' bis Isi'ai I I Scripta adversus Christ iunam Religionem.
■ Duran (q.v.) i- the author of the well-known satirical epistle entitled "jTl^Xr "~r bs, "Be not like thy Fathers," which I.'. Isaac Wise, of Cincinnati, published in English for the readers "! Id- paper, under
the i ipous heading, "A Relic of Great Significance,"
respectfully inscribed "to religion peddlers." This last expression puts R. Wise on tin- side of these Jewish polemics, but with the difference that "quod licel Jovi, non licet l>"\ i."
■ wed his animosity by publish- ing antichristian works I < lonstanrinople, 1710).
tes the second and eighth
i ol his philosophical work to attack Christianity.
Isaac ben- I bra ham (q. v.), is the author of the
famous r"i:"~x pltH, which has been made use of by
critical writers upon the New Testament from Voltaire
t<> Strauss. Some years ago it was published, with
in translation by I.'. David Deutsch (2d ed.
ler ili<- patronage ol M. Rothschild | !>. of Paris.
In English some chapters were published by a New-
l'ork rabbi.
In the same year in which the second < lerman edition work appeared, a similar wnrk in five volumes lished at Warsaw, under the title Zerubbabel, written by Lebensohn, under the patronage of Sir Moses don: a work which, as reviewer savs, » the author of the Chizzuk Emunah. It ii/. .1 by coarse \ ituperation. on this subject is vei ' literature, we would refer to De Rossi, Biblio-
tiuna I "at in..-. 1800) ; Stt in- . p. 122 sq., 21 1 sq. (B. P.) Polemioi. See mm -i
l 'nius (or Sai vius oi Sylvius), b Gallican
•• iitnrv. flourished as bishop ol
M II is the author of a sacred