Polhemus, Johannes T. See Polhemus, Abra- ham.
Polhill, Edward, a learned English Calvinistic lay- man, flourished in the second half of the 17th century as justice of the peace at Burwast, Sussex. He wrote, The Divine Will considered in its Eternal Decrees, etc. (1673, 8vo) :— A nswer to Dr. Sherlock's Discourse < 1 675. 8vo) : — Precious Faith, considered in its Nature, Work-
POLIANDER
350
POLIGNAC
■
i . . 01 l/gsti al I ' hrist and
SO. sm. 8vo, and often) : i,n,i l>< ;.,.,■ ,, Preparation for Suffering in mi Evil />".'/
824,1 2m era! of his works were published in Ward's Library of Divinity. "Everything of PolhiU i- evan- gelical and valuable," was the testimony of Cotton \; and Williams says: "All the works of this
learned layman c ain many excellent representations
of Gospel truths, intermixed with a strain of sublime devotion." < >f course Arminians fail to -• •■ I hi tencyofhis Bible interpretations, bul they nevertheless admire his unction and experience, and regard bis writ-
i. cious practical religious works. Si i Rev. Miseries, xviii, 202. (J. II. W.
Poliander, .'"ii \nn (original!} Granma man theologian of the Reformation period, was born at Neustadl in 1487. He Btudied al Leipsic, where in 1616 he became magister, and in 1520 baccalaureate of
W hi n the fai a disputation between Dr.
Eck and Luther and Carlstadl took place, he was Eck's
amanuensis. The disputatioi vinced hira of the
truth of the evangelical doctrine, and in 1520 he com- bo preach in accordance with it. The conse- quence was thai he bad to leave Leipsic, and in 1522 wenl i" Wittenberg. Al the recommendation of Lu- ther, the duke Albrechl of Prussia .ailed Poliander to Kbnigsberg, as pastor of the AJtstadtkirche, where he remained until Ids death in 1541. Poliander is the au- thor ol the well-known hymn A'un lob* meui SeeF den I ngl. transl. by Mills, flora Germanica, No. 75, Now i" the Lord sing praises"). See Koch, Kirchenliedes, i. 355 sq.; Theolo- d-Ltxikon, s. \ . ; Herzog, /<'■ al-Encyldop. xii. 18 20. (B.P.)
Polias rioXtdc), a surname given by the Athenians t<> Minerva, or Athene, as being the goddess who pro- tected i he city.
Polidoro, Caldara. called Caravaggio, from his birthplace, was an eminent Italian painter of the Pre- Raffaelitca He was born in 1495, near Milan. He wenl i" Rome al the time when Leo X was raising mine new edifices in the Vatican, and nol know ing bow to gel hi- bread otherwise, for Polidoro was verj young, he hired oul as a day-laborer to carry stones and mor- tar for the masons there at work. He drudged this way till he «as eighteen, when he was led to think of devoting his life to painting. Ii happened thus: Sev- eral young painters were employed by Raffaelle in the same place t" < secure his designs. Polidoro, w ho often
carried them mortar to make their fresco, "a- I ihcd
with the Bighl of the paintings, and the pleasure he
the painters work stirred up the talent which
it painting. In this disposition, he was very
and > plaisanl to the young painters, pushed
to iheir acquaintance, and opened to them his
: whereupon they gave him lessons, which
in 1 him to proceed. He applied himself with
"II his ■ rung, and advanced bo rapidly
and -ei him to work with
■ - • id Polidoro distinguished
i from all the rest, that, as he had the
ni- lug master's designs in the
l he care he had
e in designing the antique sculptures
he way to do the liki . He spent whole
i nights in designing those beautiful things, and studied antiquity to the nici -t i xactm I ■
ith which he enriched the tV. >i it i-j .i. . i end buil , ,,.,,,,, he took
in studying the antique. He did very few easel pieces, most ..I his pro I . and ,.i the same
color, in imitation of the bass-reliefs. In this way he manner called si rati hing, consisting in
the preparation of a black -round, on which is placed a white plaster, and where, taking off this white with an iron bodkin, we discover through the hole- the black, which -< rvi - for shadow-. Scratched work lasts long- est, bul being very rough, is unpleasant to the Bight, II. ted himsell at firsl with Maturino, and their
friendship la-ted till the death of the latter, who died of the plague in 1526. After this. Polidoro, ha\ ing by Raf- faelle's assistance Tilled Rome w ith his pieces, thought to ha. e enjoyed his ease and the fruits of his labors; win n the Spaniards in 1527 besieging that city, all the men of art were forced to fly, or else were ruined by the mis- eries of the war. In this exigency Polidoro retired to Naples, where he was obliged to work for ordinary and had no opportunity of making himself noted; for the Neapolitan nobility in those days wire more solicitous to gel good horses than good pictures. Seeing himself therefore without business, and forced to spend what he had got at Rome, he went to Sicily: and, understanding architecture as well as painting, the citizens of Messina employed him to make the trium- phal arches for the reception oi Charles V coming from Tunis. This being finished, and finding nothing further, he -it oul for Rome, but, Bcarcelj out of the place, was