Previously some of the nuns who had remained at Port-Royal de Paris intrigued with the government in order to become independent of Port-Royal des Champs, and Louis XIV appointed a separate abbess to Port- Royal de Paris. In 1669 a compromise was made be- tween the pope and the defenders of Jansenius, which was called "the Peace of Clement IX." The nuns of Port-Royal des Champs with their own abbess were then restored to their convent, but Port-Royal de Paris was not restored to them: a division of property was effected between the two communities, by order of the king, which was confirmed by a bull of Clement X dated 1671. Each convent retained its own abbess. Several disputes took place between the two communities, in which the archbishop of Paris and the Jesuits took an active part. At last, in March, 1708, a bull of pope Clement XI sup- pressed the convent of Port-Royal des Champs, and gave the property to Port-Royal de Paris. In 1709 Le Tellier had obtained from king Louis XIV a decree for the ex- ecution of the papal bull, and D'Argenson, the lieuten- ant of police of Paris, was sent with a body of men to Port-Royal des Champs, and he removed from thence VIII.— E e
the nuns, who were distributed among several convents. The convent and church of Port-Royal des Champs were stripped of all their valuables, which were transferred to Port-Royal de Paris, and the former building was lev- elled with the ground, by order of Louis XIV, as a nest of Jansenists and heretics. The sacred relics of the Church were borne from the altar, the bodies disin- terred from the cemetery, and every trace of the estab- lishment destroyed, the very soil being abandoned to the plough.
Literature. — Besoigne, Racine (1767, 2 vols.), Cle'men- cet, Du Fosse, Fontaine (Col. 1738, 2 vols.), and others have written of Port-Royal. Dr. Reuchlin has published one of the most elaborate treatises, entitled Geschichte von /W-7ii(«/«/(Hamb.l839-44,2vols.); andotherand more recent works to be consulted are, Saint-Beuve, Hist, de Port-Royal (Paris, 1840-58, 4 vols.) ; Beard, Port-Royal (Lond. 1860, 2 vols.); Scbimmelpenninck, Memoirs of Port-Royal (ibid. 1855). On Reuchlin's work, see Sir James Stephen, Essays, vol. i ; Wilkens, Port - Royal, oder der Jansenismus in Frattkreich, in the Zeitschrift fib- wissenschaftliche Theoloyie, 1859: Melh. Quarterly, 1855. See also Jervis, Hist. Ch. of France (Lond. 1872), vol. i and ii, and his History of France (Student's Edi- tion), p. 469-472; Ranke, Hist, of the Papacy, ii, 251, 259; Tregelles, Hist, of the Janse?iists, p. 11 sq. et al. ; Martin, Hist, of France (age of Louis XIV); Bridges, France under Richelieu and Colbert, lect. iv ; Villemain, Discours et Melanges Litteraires ; Voltaire, Siecle de Louis XIV, ch. xxxvi; Bridge, Hist, of French Liter- ature, p. 172 sq. ; Van Laun, Hist, of French Literature (see Index) ; Lond. Quar. Rev. Oct. 1871, p. 173; Brit. Quar. Rev. April, 1873, p. 284; Edinb. Rev. April. 1841 ; A mer. Theol. Rev. April, 1860, p. 162, 356. (J. H. W.)
Portugal, the most westerly kingdom of Europe, a part of the great Spanish peninsula, lies in 36° 55'- 42° 8' N. lat., and 6° 15'-9° 30' W. long. Its greatest length from north to south is 368 miles, and its average breadth from east to west about 100 miles. The king- dom of Portugal proper is bounded by the Atlantic on the S. and W.. and by Spain on the N. and E. Its dis- tinctive subdivisions, with their several areas and popu- lations, are given in the following table :
Continental Portugal.
Provinces.
Districts.
ArM in Sq. Miles.
Pop.,lS71.
MlNUO,
Viana, Braga, Porto.
2S07
971,001
TeasosMontes,
Biacranza,
Villa-Real.
4CSS
365, S33
Beip.a,
Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Gnarda,
Castello-Brauco.
9245
1,294,2S2
ESTREMAllCRA,
Leiria,
Santareni, Lisbon.
CS73
839,691
Al.EMTEJO,
Portnlegie,
Evoia,
Beja.
941C
331,341
Al.GARVE,
Faro.
1S73
1SS.422
34.502
3,990.570
The insular appendages of Portugal are — the Azores, 1996 square miles, pop. (1871) 258,933; Madeira, etc., 315 square miles, pop. (1871) 118,379. Total home ter- ritories, 36,813, and the population (1871), 4,367,882. The colonial possessions of Portugal are— in Africa: Cape Verd Islands, 1630.02 square miles; pop. 67,347. Senegambia, 35,437.50 square miles; pop. 8500. Islands of San-Thome and Principe, off Guinea, 418.56 square miles; pop. (1868) 19,295. Angola, Benguela, 200,602.50
PORTUGAL
434
PORTUGAL
square miles; pop. 2,000,000. Mozambique and depend- encies, 283,500 square miles; pop. 300,000. In lata; Goa, Salcete, 1440.6 square miles: pop. 474,234. Hu- man, Diu, 94.08 square miles; pop. 53,283. In the In- dian Archipelago, 2877 square mile-: pop. 850,300. In China: Mar.,..'. 11.76 square miles; pop. (1866) 100,000. Total of colonies, 526,041.48 -epiare miles; pop. 3,872,- 959.
Christianity was established in this country .-n the same time as in Spain, from which it is only politically separated: il therefore had its share of the misfortunes which, a( the time of the gnat barbarian id under the Alan-. Sueves, Westgoths, and afterwards undi c the Aral.-, came over the Christian Church. The weight ol these calamities was made a little lighter for Portugal by the circumstance that, partly through the influence of the Roman bishops Anacletus and Anicetus, partly through the decrees of Constantine, which made metropolitan seats of the chief cities of the pro\ inces, the diocesan Bystem had been developed at an earlj pe- riod. In the country now called Portugal, in the prov- ince Galicia, Bracara, now Braga, was the metropolis. We learn from Garcia Louisa, in his remarks on the Council of Luco, that the bishops of Astorica, Portucale ( Porto '.< lolimbria (< loimbra), Egitania | Edanha), Emin- inm | Agueda, in Estremadura), Lameco I Lane-,,, on the I ioco i Lugo, on the sources of the Minho i, Tria (El Padron, in Galicia), Veseo i\ tseu), Auria (Orense), Tude (Tuy), Magneto or Britonia (Mondonedo), and Dumio, near Braga, were suffragans of Bracara. Al the Council of Luco, A.I). 569, a second metropolis was es- tablished at LUCO, but il remained dependent on Bra- cara. Veseo, Colimbria, Egitania, Lameco, and Magneto were then suffragan seals of Bracara, and Tria. Auria, Tude, Astorica, and Britonia tunned the ecclesiastical province of Luco: it ceased to exist when the domina- tion of the Sueves, in 585, was overthrown by the West- goths. In Lusitania, Merida, on the Guadiana, was the metropolis; the ecrle-ia.-tical province included Nfuman- tia, Pax Tulia, Ossonoba, Olysippo, Caurio, Avila, and Elbora. < Salixtus 1 1 transferred the metropolitan dignity tn the bishop of Compostella. In the 7th century some changes appear to have taken place. The beginning of the 8th century saw the downfall of tin' Westgothic empire, and the invasion of the Aral)-, invited by the