sons of the expelled king, and by their uncle. Oppas,
archbishop of Hispalis, for the purpose of driving from
the throne the newly elected king Roderick. The land between the Douro and the Pyrenees, a small portion of the peninsula, remained under Christian rule. Ferdinand II (1038 65) wrenched from the Araks Lame-,,. Veseo, Coimbra, etc. Though the Araks had allowed the in- habitants the I'ne exercise of their religion, many of them passed over to Mohammedanism, .and tints, by i ishoprics and monasteries disappeared. Even Bracara lost her metropolitan dignity; and when,
in 1083, Alpl so VI took Tolcl,,. which under the
Arabian rule had continued still during two cen- turies to be the residence of an archbishop, there was s,aiv,l\ a Christian to be found in the city. In con- siders! t these circumstanci -. and with the consent
of pope .k,hn VIII, Ovetum, in Galicia, was made a metropolis, including the bishoprics Anca, Legio, As- torica. Salmantica, Caurio, Coimbria, Lamego, Veseo, Portucale, Bracara, Tude, Auria. Tria, Luco, Britonia, and < Isesaraugusta. < >* iedo was the city of the bishops inpartibits infideliutn; but the former suffragans of Tara- cona did not acknowledge the archbishop of Ovetum, but thatol Narbonne as their metropolitan. The dignity of the metropolitan ol Ovetum was extinguished when Al| h in o \ I took l?oledo and Castile, the old ecclesias- tical provinces of Toledo, Braga, and Tarragona being then i itablished anew by Gregory VII and Urban II. The long time during which the Spanish peninsula had stood under Mohammedan rule, Christianity being obliterated everywhere, justified, in the ideas of those times, the measures taken bj the I lunch for the pur-
pose of securing the rule and purity of the Roman Cath- olic religion. The complete expulsion of Mohammedans and .lews seemed commanded by the circumstances, and it was executed with pitiless energy. In 1536 a tribunal of Inquisition was established in Lisbon, and special severity was displayed against the Jews accused of prac- ticing ihcir old worship under tin garb of • hristianity. They formed, under the name of New-Christians (q. v.), a suspicious class, and many of them, in 1506, bad been victims to the hatred and prejudices of the multitude.
I he power of the < knrcli in, r, a-,,1 rapidly, and with it the pride ol some of I he LNhnps. for I here soon
tween the crown and the cli rgy difficulties greatly detri- mental to the influence ol the latter, as ii gave occasion to the people to get an insight into and Bpeak freely of its sad condition, as well as of that of the Roman court. By the laws of 1822 26 every naturalized foreigner was granted civil and political rights regardless ol Ids religion ; they authorizi ,1 1 very kind of private worship, and prohibited every religious persecution. The Catholic clergy were treated with the greatest distrust, and their riches were seized upon to till the treasure of the state. It was not until 1843 that the government was recon- ciled with the pope, and the wound- of the Roman Church were long in healing even after that. The Por- I liurch is (since \'\\) undei the special juris- diction of a patriarch, who is always a cardinal, and who is, to some extent, independent of Rome Portu- gal is divided into three dioceses, which are presided over by the cardinal-patriarch of Lisbon. His suffra- gan scats are Castello-Branco, (iuarda. Lamego, l.eiria. and Portalegre. There are several colonial bishops: at Madeira, the Azores, and other islands. Besides the patriarchate or archbishopric of Lisbon, there is the archbishopric of Braga, who is primate of the kingdom, and whose suffragan -cats are Porto, Yiseu, Coimbra, Braganca-Miranda, Aveiro, and Pinhel; and the arch- bishopric of Kvora.with the bishoprics Elvas, Beja, and Algarve. The archbishops have the rank of a marquis, the bishops of a count. They all belong to the gran- deza, or higher nobility. The bishops are appointed by the king, and confirmed by the pope. No bull can he published without the agreement of the king. The number of clergy holding cures is given at 18,000. The total number of parishes is 1086. The monasti ties v., re dissolved in 1834, but a few religious establishments still exist. At the time of the dissolution Portugal was possessed of 360 monasteries, with 5760 monks, and 126 nunneries, with 2725 nuns.
There ■■"'*■ six orders of knighthood, viz. the Order of Christ, founded in 1319; St. Benedict of Avis; the lower and Sword, founded in l 159, and reorganized in 1808; our Lady of Villa Vicosa, established in 1819; and the < trder of St. John of Jerusah m, which was -, p- arated in 1802 from that of Malta. In addition to these, there is one civil-service order, founded in 1288. Por- tugal stands below the other countries of Europe in re- gard to education. There is one university at Coim- bra; there are military, naval, trade, and navigation schools, and many classical and higher school-: and in 1861 there were 1788 public schools, with 79,172 pupils,
uncontrolled h\ the Church. There is an Academy of Sciences and a School of Arts at Lisbon, the former of which has a library of 50,000 volumes. The other pub- lic libraries arc the Central Library, with 300,000 vol- umes; various royal libraries, as that of Lisbon, with