Pouget, Bertrand de, a French cardinal, was born in 1280 at Le Pouget, now the commune of Aynac If we may believe Villain and Petrarch, it was rumored in Italy thai he was the natural -on of pop,' John XXII, who was born in the same diocese (Cahors) ; other- af- firm that the pope was his uncle. A simple deacon of Castelnau Montratier and canon of Saint-Sauveur d'Aix. be was comprised in the first promotion of cardi- nals, made Dec 17. 1316, by John XXII, who. three years afterwards, -cut him to Italy with the most un-
limited powers for the purpose of retrieving the domin- ions of the Church. At the head of a small army. Ber- trand. together with Philip of Valois, who afterwards became king of France, directed his first blows against Matteo Yi-eonti. the nominal chiei of the Lombard Ghibellines. He was. however, unsuccessful, and was obliged to resort to the anathemas of the Church, and to preach a crusade against .Matteo. This attempt be- ing unsuccessful also, he determined to unite with the
Guelphs and oppo-e ( lalea Yi-eonti. who bad 8U
his father. Genoa and Piacenza took his part, Milan revolted, and the whole signoria was nearly lost to the Visconti, when the arrival ol Louis of Bavaria, victo- rious at Muhldorf, changed the state of things. After some brilliant rather than real victories, Louis was com- pelled to return to Germany, leaving the field in pos- session of the cardinal, whom the pope bad appointed bishop ol Ostia and of Velletri. Parma and Reggio bad surrendered to him in 1326; Bologna, Modena, and
the other cities of the Romagna followed their example. But as he had neither the virtues nor the talents requi- site to preserve his conquests, Bertrand had in 1329 to repress at Parma and Reggio several revolts against his authority. Towards the close of 1330 John of Luxem- burg took, in the name of the emperor Louis Y, Cremo- na. Parma, Pavia, and Modena. An interview held by the cardinal with the king of Bohemia excited the dis- trust of the Italians, and Bertrand. who had recently obtained the titles of marquis of Aneoiia and count of Romagna, saw the tide of ill-will and hostility rise all around him. The marquis of Este, whom he had basely deceived, defeated bis army near Ferrara, and Bologna expelled him in March. 1334. He was fain to accept the mediation of the Florentines, and retired to Avi- gnon, where the death of John XXII (Dec. 4, 1334) de- prived him of all hopes of being pal at the head of a new expedition. From that time he devoted himself entirely to religious matters. He died at Avignon Feb. 3, 1352, and was buried in the church of the Clarisse Nuns, a congregation founded by him.— Hoefer. Nouv. I;l<, i. Generate, s.v. See Aubery, Hist.
i : Sis ndi. Hist, des Hepubligues Italiennes,
Pouget, Francois-Aime, a French theologian, was bom at Montpellier Aug. 28, 1666. Almost imme- diately after his ordination he was appointed vicar of Saint-Roche at Paris, and it was in this capacity that he administered the last sacraments to La Font i hi- are. .nut in the Mem.de Litter, of the I'. Desmolets, vol. i, pt. ii i. He was made doctor, and entered in 1696 the Congregation of the Oratory. Colbert, bishop of Montpellier. gave him the direction of his seminary. He returned to Paris, anil held at the Seminary of Saint- Magloire public lectures on the conscience. He was appointed member of the commission charged with the liturgical reform of the diocese of Paris. The Cate- ekismi '!■ Montpellier, the principal work of Pouget, was
published al Paris in 1702 (4to, or 5 vols. 12 1; ii was
at once adopted in all part- of France, ha- -one through many editions, and has been translated i 1 1 1 < » several lau- At the time of his death Pougel was publish- ing a I. aiin edition of it. in which the passages merely indicated in the French work were extensively iille.1 out. This edition, when in the printing-office, was seized at the request of cardinal de Bissy, and was published after examination by doctor Gavel, with his comments. The work was completed by the l'. I lesmolets, and published
under the title of [nstttutiones CatholtCa (lT'.'.'i. 2 Vols. fol., and Yen. 1768). There are few work- of this kind in which the Christian dogmas, the religious morals, the -acrameiiis. prayers, c< remonies, and customs ol the Church are set forth with greater distinctness and sim- plicity. The other writings of Pouget an' some Letters to Colbert and to cardinal Noailles, Instructions sur les principaux Devoirs des < hevaliers </• Mult, \ Paris, 1712, I'.'moi. and various manuscripts, especially a work on
the Breviary of Narbonne, pari of which bad been
printed in L708. Pouget died at Paris April 4. 17J3. —
POULARD
457
POUSSIN
Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generate, s. v. See Richard et Gi- raud, Biblioth'eque Sacree ; Journal de Dorsanne, vol. iv; Diet, des Ecrivains eccles.; Fisquet, Biog. (inedite) de VHerault; Haag, Hist, des Dogmes (see Index).
Poulard, Thomas -Just, a French prelate, was born at Dieppe Sept. 1, 1754. He was ordained priest, and enjoyed an early renown as a preacher. His tal- ents were rewarded by the Church with several preb- endships, and a curacy in the diocese of Lisieux. At- tached to the clergy of Saint-Koch, he submitted in 1791 to the law that exacted the oath to the civil con- stitution, and became episcopal vicar of the One. On the 27th Brumaire, an. ii (Nov. 17, 1793), he renounced the Catholic faith in the presence of the Convention, but in spite of this abjuration he was, after the Reign of Terror, appointed constitutional curate of the parish of Aubervilliers, near Paris, and took his seat as a dep- uty of the Haute-Marne in the council held at Paris in 1797. The Constitutionals made him bishop of Saone- et-Loire June 14, 1801, but he lost his see by the Con- cordat, and retired to Paris. Shortly before the Revo- lution of July he published a pamphlet under the title Moyen de nationaliser le Clerge de France (Paris, 1830, 8vo). At that same epoch he conferred orders on two young men, and on three in 1831. Poulard persevered in his opinions, and chose to die un vrai constitutionnel. He declined the assistance of the curate of his parish, and his body was carried directly to the cemetery. Pou- lard died at Paris March 9, 1833. The two following books have been most plausibly attributed to his au- thorship: Ephemerides religieuses pour servir a Vllis- toire ecclesiastique. de la Fin du dix-huitieme Steele et du ( 'ommt ncement du dix-neuvieme : — Sur VEtat actuel de la Religion en France. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generate, s. v.