POUSSINES
458
POVERTY
been compared with colored bass-reliefs, a term not in- expressive of his Btyle, His peculiar leaning to this sculpturesque treatment may in some measure be ex- plained by his close intimacy with his friend Duques- noy, the sculptor, known as Flammingo: they lived in the same houst together at Rome. His coloring, com- pared with bis drawing, is inferior and mannered, n hich is somewhat remarkable, considering that he studied in the school of Domenichino at Rome, whom lie regard- ed as the besl painter of his time. T/u Seven Sac- . |i,-iinled twice by i'ous-in. arc among his mo-t ed works, and both arc now in England— one at Belvoir Castle, the other in the Bridgewater Gallery, London. His works are very numerous; the prints thai have been engraved after his principal pictures only amount to upwards of two hundred. Some of his best works are in the British National Gallery, as, T/u Plague amony the Philistines at Ashdod, The Bacchanalian Fes- tival, No. 12, finely engraved by Doo, which constitutes an excellent exponent of his Btyle, with all his merits and peculiarities in perfection. He was especially re- markable as a skilful landscape-painter. His -aired drawing entitled T/u Finding of Moses lias been made popular by autotype, but it is by no means one ol his best productions. Poussin has been called a classical painter by Sir Joshua Reynolds, so successfully did he imitate the works of antiquity. See Mrs. ( lenient. Paint- ers, Sculptors, Architects, etc, p. 467; Spooner, Biog. Dict.s.v.', Bellori, Vita di Nicoh Poussino, etc. I Rome, 1672) ; Wbrnum, Descriptive and Historical Catalogm of t/u National Gall* ry, etc.
His brother-in-law, Gaspar Poussin, also quite a celebrated painter, was born in 1613, and was a pupil of Nicolas. Gaspar devoted himself principally to secular art. but his Sacrifice of Isaac is a notable production. He di.d in 1675. (J.H.W.)
Poussines, Pierre, a French Jesuit, was born in 1609 at Laurac (diocese of Narbonne). After studying at Beziers, be entered the Society of Jesus at Toulouse in 1624, and was in the latter city and at Montpellier professor of humanities, of rhetoric, and of theology. Called to Rome in 1664 to continue The History of the Society, interrupted by the death of Sacchini, he de- voted several years to that work, and was subsequently professor of exegetical theology at the Roman College. Many illustrious personages honored him with proofs of their i Bteem, among others queen I Ihristina of Sweden and cardinal Iiarherini. who committed to him the in- terpretation of the works of Pachymeres. Poussines was chosen to give Greek lessons to the young prince Orsini and to the abbe* Albani, who afterwards became pope under the name of Clement XI. He returned to Toulouse towards the end of 1682, and continued his lit- erary activity in spite of bis failing health. He died at Toulouse I-'cli. -j. 1686, He left, Niceta Laudatio sanctorum archangelorum Michaelis <i Gabrielis (Tou- louse, 1637, 8vo) :— Polemonis Sopkista Orationes (ibid, o): Inna Comnena Porphyrogenita Alexias (Paris, 1651, fol.): Sancti NUi Opera quadam (ibid. 1639, Itoi; -Nicephori Bryenmi Commentarii d\ Rebus Byzantinis (ibid. 1661, fol.): Georgii Pachymeris Mi- chael Palaeologus (Rome, 1666, foL) :- -G. Pachimefi An- Palaologus (ibid. 1669, fol.): - Sancti Methodii Convivium Virginum (Paris, 1657,. foL) : — Catena Gra- corum I '''iii a in in Evangelium secundum Marcum (Rome, 1673, fol.): Tins,, miis Asceticus (Paris, 1684, 4to): Theophylacli Institutio Regia (ibid. 1641, 4to). All these
editions are accompanied with c mentaries and notes
full of erudition. Poussines is the .author ofa consider- able number of lives of saints of ' Sreece, of Languedoc, and ofGascoyne. inserted in the collection of the Bol- landists; of a Latin translation of the letters of St. Francis Xavier, and ofa number ol other works, the list
of which i- given in the Biblioth. Soc. Jesu. See I. -
hard, Elogt hist, du J'. Poussines, in the Memoir es il>
Nov. 1760), and in the Diet, of Moreri (ed.
1759); Dc Baecker, Biblioth, des Ecrivains de la Com-
pagnie de Jesus, vol. L — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generate, s. v.
Poverty is that state or situation opposed to riches in which we are deprived of the conveniences of life. Indigence is a degree lower, when we want the neces- saries and is opposed to Superfluity. Want seems rath- er to arrive by accident, and is opposed to abundance. Need and necessity relate less to the situation of life than the other three words, but more to the relief we expect or the remedy we seek: v, ith this difference be- tween the two. that need seem- less pressing than ne- cessity. Poverty has been sanctified by our blessed Lord in his own person, and in that of bis parents; in that of his apostles, and of the most perfect of his dis- ci] I' -. Solon besought the Lord to give him neither
poverty nor riches I Prov. xxx, 8), regarding each ex- treme as a dangerous rock to virtue. Poverty of mind i- a state of ignorance, or a mind void of religious prin- ciple and enjoyment (Rev. iii. 17 i. Poverty of spirit consists in an inward sense and feeling of our wants and defects, with a dependence on divine grace and mercy for pardon ami acceptance i Matt. V,3). It is the effect of the operation of the Divine Spirit on the he art (John xvi, 8). It is attended with submission to the divine will; contentment in our situation: meekness and forbearance to others, and genuine humility as to ourselves. It is a spirit approved by God (Isa. lxvi, 2), an evidence of true religion (Luke xviii, 13), and terminates in endless felicity (Matt, v, 3). Sec Poor.