Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, a noted French social- ist, was born of humble parents, July 15, 1809, at Besan- con. After a rudimentary education, he engaged in printing, and soon became an author — especially of an Essai (l< Grammaire Generale, for which he received a
PROVENDER
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PROVE! I n
pension. In 1840 he published his work entitled Qu'est- i Proprieti, which eventually became infamous from the answer which it gave to thai question "La Propriete, c"esi <■ I ol!" and caused him the loss ol his pension. During the Revolution he edited an inflam- matory paper, which was - i suppressed, bul gave him
such popularity thai lie was elected t" the Assembly. His notorious principles of anarchy prevented his being heard in the debates, and the papers which he issued in revenge were suppressed for their scurrility. In 1849 he started a Bangui du PeupU to carry oul his com- munistic ideas, bal il was closed by the authorities, and he fled i" Geneva, but on his return to Pari- he was imprisoned. During his three years of incarceration he married, and issued several remarkable political works. lie died in obscurity al Paris, Jan. 19, 1865. His social theories arc of the mosl extravagant and dangerous character, greatly resembling the radical and immoral principles of the communistic revolutionists who arc now agitating Europe and this country. Sec Hoefer, Nouv, Biog, Generalt . s. v.
Provender (iOBD?3, mispd), fodder for cattle (Gen. xxiv, 25, 32). In the account of king Solomon's stables, in 1 Icings iv, 28, we read, " Barley, also, and straw lor the horses and dromedaries, brought they unto the place where the officers were, every man according to his charge." Harmer remarks upon this passage: ^'Besides provisions for themselves, the Orientals are obliged to carry food for the beasts on which they ride or carry their goods. That food is of different kind.-. They make little or no hay in these countries, and .are therefore very careful of their straw, which they cut into small bits, by an instrument which at the same time threshes out the corn; this chopped straw, with barley, beans, and halls made of bean and barley meal.
or of the | ided kernels of dates, are what they arc
wont to feed them with. The officers of Solomon arc accordingly said to have brought, every man in his month, barley and straw for the horses and dromeda- ries; not straw to litter them with, there is reason to think, tor it is not now used in those countries tor that purpose, but chopped straw for them to eat, either alone or with their barley, lie litter they use for them i- their own dung, dried in the sun. and bruised between their hands, which they heap up again in the morning, sprinkling it in summer with fresh water, to keep it
fr torrupting. In some other places we rent of
provender and straw, nol barley and straw; because it may b her things were used for their food ancient- ly, as well as now. besides barley and chopped straw.
"". belil, ■ of the word- used for provender (Isa.
.w\. 24), implies something of mixture, and the parti- ciple of the verb from which it is derived is used lor the mingling of flour with oil; so the verb in Judges \i\. ■Jl may be a> well translated 'he mingled \ food fori lie asses' as'he gave them provender,' signifying that he mixed some chopped straw and barley together for the asses. Thus also barley and chopped straw, as it is jusl alter reaping, unseparated in the field, might nat- urally be expressed by the Hebrew word we translate provender, which signifies barley and straw that had been mingled together, and accordingly seems to be so. ■ I liej tcap every one his com iii the field' (Job xxiv. 6 ,' Hebrew, mingled com or dredge,' says the margin, What ideas arc usually affixed to secondary translation I do nol know, but Job apparently allude- to the prov- ender, or heap of chopped straw, lying mingled together in the held, at'tcr having passed under the threshing in- strument, to which he compared the spoil- that were taken from passen jers bo early as hi- time by those that
lived - what alter the present in. er of the wild
Arabs, which Bpoils are lo them what the harvest and vintage were toothers. With this agrees that other pas- sage oi Job where this word occur- (\ i. 6), ' Will tl \
low in complaint- over hi- provender?' or • fodder,' a- it is translated in our version, n hen he baa nol onto straw
enough, but mixed with barley." Travellers in the East, wherever they mention the subject, use much the same term- as Walpole, who. in bis Journal, remarks. •• Neither hay nor oat- arc known to the Turks; nor has any nation in the East ever um d them for tie u Si ■ Foddi R.
Provenzale, I> wit. bex- Abraham, who flourish- ed in the 16th century, was a preacher al Mantua, and was so eloquent thai he was styled ":i"~" '.L"X~ QUJ, i.e. the prince of preacher- in his generation. He wrote: 111 ~"~. a commentary on the Pentateuch from an archaeological point ol view : - DM "Pffl ~"S~. a commentary on the Song of Songs: — TH ~l'Z~. a comparative lexicon, Hebrew, Latin. Greek, and Italian: and ~'~ ":.". a Hebrew grammar. See I in-i. ///A/. .///,/. iii. [23: De Rossi, D Storico dealt Arttori Ebrei, p. 272 (Germ, transl. l>y Haralx rger) ; Etheridge, Introduction to Hebrew Litera- ture, p. 'J**. Steinschneider, Jewish Literature, p. 239. (B.P.)