VIII.— D D D
helpful to a speaker. It relieves him of the necessity of creating a bond of sympathy between himself and persons ignorant of him, or perhaps prejudiced against him. It is in this respect that a speaker's reputation may become to him an auxiliary of great value. While the conditions above specified, and others of like char- acter, are not always within the control of ministers of the Gospel, and may sometimes be dependent on con- tingencies quite beyond their control, nevertheless a diligent discharge of ministerial and pastoral duty tends to create them. It was a precept of the ancient rheto- ricians that the orator must be a good man, ami a Ger- man writer has published a book to demonstrate that eloquence is a virtue. It is in accordance with princi- ples thus sanctioned that extensive personal acquaint- ance, a high moral and religious character, and a repu- tation based on faithful labor and habits of doing good, all challenge sympathy, attract hearers, and awaken hopeful expectations.
6. The influence of the Holy Spirit is the crown- ing auxiliary of pulpit eloquence. Apart from this the preacher is like any other man. But, over and above all merely human aids, a Christian preacher of the right character and spirit is entitled to expect the influence of the Holy Ghost to give to the truths he may utter increased impressiveness, and to his hearers increased sensibility.
It is only under this last-named condition that pulpit eloquence can be hoped to attain its highest power. But this is a condition that no indolent man can rea- sonably hope to enjoy. It neither follows in the train of religious presumption, nor of an undue reliance upon genius or personal ability, but rather comes in answer to "the fervent, effectual prayer of a righteous man." He, therefore, who as a minister of the Gospel would, according to the apostolic injunction, study to show himself " approved, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed," should be equally diligent in the acquisition of sacred knowledge, and in the highest possible culti- vation of his powers of expression, that he may with confidence ask for the unction of the Holy One as a means of rendering his utterances as a preacher of Christian truth in the highest degree efficacious. In view of this supreme object, the diligent study of pulpit eloquence, whether in its history, its principles, or its diversified illustrations, both in the published sermons and in the biographies of distinguished preachers, is of equal interest and importance.
Literature. — Bingham, Christian Antiquities; Smith, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities ; Paniel, Geschichte der cliristlirheii Beredsamktit und der Homiletik ; Yille- main, Tableau de VEloquence Chretienne au IVe Siecle; Moule, Christian Oratory during the First Five Centuries (Lond. 1859); Neale, Mediceval Preaching (ibid. 1856); Baring- Gould, Post- Media- val Preaching (ibid. 1865); Vinet, Histoire de la Predication ■parmi Us 111 formes de France au Dix-septihne Siecle (Paris, 1860); Rog- ers, The British Pulpit, in the Edinburgh Review. 1810; Vaughan, The Modem Pulpit (Lond. 1842); Turnbull, Pulpit Orators of France and Switzerland (X. Y. 1848) ; Bungencr, 7'he Preacher and the King, or Bourdaloue in the Court of Louis XIV (Bost, 1855); Spring, The Power of the Pulpit (N. Y. 1854); Fish, History and Re- pository of Pulpit Eloquence (N. Y. 1856, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Sprague, Annals of the American Puljrit (ibid. 1850-60, 9 vols. 8vo) ; Potter, Sacred Eloquence (Dublin, 1868) ; Hall, God's Word through Preaching (X.Y.1875); Tay- lor, The, Ministry of the Word (ibid. 1876) ; Brooks, Lectures on Preaching (ibid. 1877) ; Dale, Seven Lectures on Preaching (ibid. 1878) ; Broadus, lectures on the His- tory of Preaching (ibid. 1876) ; Pettengill, Homiletical Lid,.,- (ibid. 1878, 8vo). See Hojiiletics; Sermon. (D. P. K.)
Pulse (n^-iT, zeroim, and B*>3S"Vr, zeronim; Sept, oairpia ; Theod. TTTSppara ; Vulg. legumince) occurs only in the A. V. in Dan. i, 12, 16, as the translation of the
PULTON
786
PUNGEL
above plural nouns, the literal meaning of which is "seeds" of any kind. The food on which "the four children" thrived for ten days is perhaps not to be re- stricted to what we now understand by "pulse," i. e. the grains of leguminous vegetables: the term probably includes edible seeds in general. Gesenius translates the words "vegetables, herbs, such as are eaten in a half-fast, as opposed to flesh and more delicate food." Probably the term denotes uncooked grains of any kind, whether barley, wheat, millet, vetches, etc.— Smith.
( hir translators have also inserted in italics the word '• pulse" as one of the "parched" sorts of provision which Barzillai brought to king David (2 Sam. xvii. 28). In this they are probably right. Leguminous Beeds roast- ed are still used in the East; and in his commentary on Matt x.\i. 12 Jerome mentions roasted chick-pease, along with raisins and apples, as the small-wares in which the huckster fruiterers used to deal: "Frixum cicer, uvseque passae, et poma diversi generis." Allu- sions in l'lautus and Horace show thai parched pease were a familiar article of diet among the poorer Ro- mans.—Fairhairn.
Pulton, Akdrbw, a Roman Catholic divine of the Society of Jesus, flourished in the second half of the 17th century, and is noted as a zealous defender of his order and Church. He was quite a pulpit orator, but he was more successful still as a polemic. He pub- lished, Remarks upon Dr. Ten-Lion's Narrative, etc. (LonoL l<;.s7.4tot:-AV// to a t'hallmye (1688) -.—Total Defeat of tin Protestant Rule of Faith I Ito). See Oli- ver, Bwg. of English Jesuits; Macaulay, Hist, of Eng- land, vol. ii. eh. vi.