2. In certain of the monastic orders, the name rector is given to the heads of convents, as it, is
3. Also given to the heads of universities, colleges, seminaries; and similar educational corporate institu- tions. — Chambers's Encyclop. s. v.; Eden, Theol. Did. s. v.
Rectory. "A rectory or parsonage," says Spel- inan. " is a spiritual living, composed of land, tithe, and other oblations of the people, separate or dedicate to God in any congregation, for the service of his Church there, and for the maintenance of the governor or min- ister thereof, to whose charge the same is committed." — Eadie, Kecks. Cyclop, s. v.
Recusant is, in English law. a person, whether Pa- pist or Protestant, who refuses or neglects to attend at the worship of the Established Church on Sundays and other days appointed for the purpose. The offence may be dated back in its origin to loo I, when king Henry became head of the Church ; but. as a legal one. may be held to date from 1 Elizabeth, c. 2. '-There were four classes punishable under the statutes against recusan- cy : simple ■ recusants;' ' recusants convict,1 « ho ed themselves after conviction ; 'popish recusants,' who absented themselves because of their being Roman Catholics; and 'popish recusants convict.' who absent- ed themselves after conviction. It was against the last two classes that the statutes were mainly directed. In addition to the general penalties of recu>aucy. the pop- ish recusants, for wilfully hearing mass, forfeited 1 < u > mark- | £66 13s. Id.) ; and for saying ma—. 200 marks, or £133 6s. 8d., in addition (in both cases) to a year's imprisonment. They were disabled, unless they re- nounced popery, fr inheriting, purchasing, or other- wise acquiring lands, ami they could not keep or teach schools under pain of perpetual imprisonment. Pop- ish recusants convict could not hold any public office; could not keep arms in their bouses; could not appear within ten miles of London under penalty of £100;
could not travel above live miles from home without
license; could not bring any action at law- or equity; could n"i have baptism, marriage, or burial performed exci pi by an Anglican minister all under penalties of forfeiture and imprisonment. Protestant dissenting rec- usants were relieved from the penalties of recusation by the Toleration Act ol I Will. and Mary.c. IS. Cath- olic- were partially relieved in the year 1791, and com- pletely by the Emancipation Act of 1829. Encyclop. s. v.
RED
961
RED SEA
Red. See Color; Ruddy.
Red Heifer. See Purification, Water of ; Sin- offering.
Red Sea, the usual designation of the large body of water separating Egypt from Arabia. (The follow- ing account of it is chiefly based upon that contained in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible.} See Sea.
I. Names.— The sea known to us as the lied Sea was by the Israelites called the sea (D*tl, Exod. xiv, 2, 9, 16, 21, 28; xv, 1, 4, 8, 10, 19; Josh/xxiv, 6, 7; and many other passages); and specially "the sea of Suph" (C^O-D?, Exod. x, 19; xiii, 18; xv, 4, 22; xxiii, 31; Numb, xiv, 25; xxi, 4; xxxiii, 10, 11; Deut. i, 40; xi, 4; Josh, ii, 10; iv, 23; xxiv, G; Judg. xi, 10; 1 Kings ix, 26; Neh. ix, 9; Psa. cvi, 7, 9, 22; cxxxvi, 13, 15; Jer. xlix, 21). It is also perhaps written Suphah', !"1S!|0 (Sept. Zwofi), in Numb, xxi, 14, rendered "Red Sea" in the A. V. ; and in like manner, in Deut. i, 1, 5)10, without D\ The Sept. always renders it >) IpvSpa SdXaaaa (except in Judg. xi, 16, where CpO, 2/0, is preserved). So, too, in the New Test. (Acts vii, 36 ; Heb. xi, 29) ; and this name is found in the Apocrypha (1 Mace, iv, 9 ; Wisd. x, 18 ; xix, 7) and Josephus (A nt. viii, 6, 4). By the classical geographers this appella- tion, like its Latin equivalent Mare Rubrum or M. Erythrmun, was extended to all the seas washing the shores of the Arabian peninsula, and even the Indian Ocean : the Red Sea itself, or Arabian Gulf, was 6 'Apd- fiiOQ koXttoc., or 'Apafincog k., or Sinus Arabicus, and its eastern branch, or the Gulf of the 'Akabah, AlXa- viti]q, 'EXaj'irijg, 'EXaviTiKog koXttoc, Sinus jElanites, or S. JElaniticus. The Gulf of Suez was specially the Heroopolitic Gulf, 'Hpojo7roXiVr/c koXttoc, Sinus lleroo- polltes, or S. HerobpoHtieus. Dr. Beke {Sinai in A rubia [Lond. 1878], p. 361 sq.) contends (in keeping with his wild notion that the Mizraim of the Bible was not Egypt, but the peninsula of Arabia) that the Gulf of 'Akabah, and not that of Suez, was the Yam-Siiph of the He- brews, chiefly on the rash assumption that the former only was known to the Israelites, whereas the itinerary of Moses clearly distinguishes Eziongeber on the one from the crossing at the other (Numb, xxxiii, 8, 10, 35, 36). Among the peoples of the East, the Red Sea has for many centuries lost its old names : it is now called generally by the Arabs, as it was in mediaeval times, Bahr-el-Kulzum, "the Sea of El-Kulzum," after the an- cient Clysma, "the sea-beach," the site of which is near, or at, the modern Suez. In the Koran, part of its old name is preserved, the rare Arabic word yamrn being used in the account of the passage of the Red Sea (see also El-Beydawi, Comment, on the Kuran, vii, 132, p. 341 ; xx, 81, p. 602). These Biblical names require a more detailed consideration.