blood ofChrist: "Thou wast slam, and basl redeemed
us to God (jjydpaffac, hast purchased us i by thy Mood" (Rev. v, 9). The ends of redemption arc. that the jus- tice of God might !><• satisfied; Ids people reconciled, adopted, sanctified, and brought to glory. Tin' proper- ties of it are theBe : (I t it is agreeable to all the perfec- tions of Cod; (2) what a creature never could merit, and therefore entirely of free grace; (8) it is special and particular: (I) full and complete; (5) it is cter-
Irom sin or punishment. ,,r both, -our English word nal as to it> blessings. See Edwards, Hist. ofRedemp-
REDEMPTORISTS
>73
REDEMPTORISTS
Hon; Cole, On the Sovereignty of God; Lime-street Leet. lect. 5; Watts, Ruin and Recovery ; Owen, On the Death and Satisfaction of Christ ; Gill, Body of Divinity ; Pressense, Religion ; Goodwin, Works ; Knapp, Theolo- gy, p. 331 ; Bullet. Thiol. Avril, 1868; Calvin, Institutes; Evangel. Quar. Rev. April, 1870, p. 290 ; Presbyt. Con- fess.; Werner, Gesch.der deutschen Theol. ; Meth.Quar. Rev. Oct. 1868 ; July, 1874, p. 500 ; Jan. 1876, art. ii ; Presbyt. Quar. Rev. July, 1875, art. ii ; Fletcher, Works; New - Englander, Jul}*, 1870, p. 531; Barnes [Albert], The Atonement in its Relations to Lair and Moral Gov- i rnnu nt ( Phila. 1858, 12mo) ; Princeton Rev. July. 1 *.">!> ; Oct. 1859; Bibl. Sacra, Jan. 1858; Delitzsch, Bibl. Psy- chol, p. 482; Miiller, On Sin; Pearson, On the Creed; Liddon, Divinity of Christ; Pin, Jesus-Christ dans le Plan Dirin de la Redemption (1873). See Propitia- tion; Reconciliation; Satisfaction.
Redemptorists, Order of, or " the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer," was established by Alfonso Maria di Liguori (q. v.) in the city of Scala in 1732, and spread first in the kingdom of Naples and in the Papal States. The end of this institute was the asso- ciation of missionary priests who should minister by special services to the spiritual wants of the abandoned in towns and villages, without undertaking regular or- dinary parochial duties. After St. Alfonso had found- ed several houses of his community, pope Benedict XIV solemnly approved of his rule and institute, under the above title, Feb. 25, 1749. The order rapidly found fa- vor, and was introduced into other countries, chiefly through the instrumentality of Clement Maria Hoff- bauer. This man, the first German Kedemptorist, was born in Moravia Dec. 26, 1751. He became a baker, and exercised his profession for some years in the Pre- monstrant convent of Bruck. Here he obtained the fa- vor of the abbot, who made him commence his studies. After studying four years very actively, he left the con- vent in 1776 with a view to turn hermit, and spent two years at the renowned shrine of Mtthlfrauen. When the hermitages were abolished, he went to Vienna, where he supported himself by working at his former trade. In company with his friend Peter Emanuel Kunzman, who eventually joined the Liguorians as a lay-broth- er, he made several pilgrimages to Rome, and subse- quently completed his studies at Vienna. Here he became acquainted with John Thadda?us Hibel, who was afterwards his most zealous follower and firm friend. The two friends visited Rome, and together entered the convent of the Priests of the Most Holy Redeemer. The rector of the convent designated them some time after to go to Germany to establish the order there, and thus to supply the place of the Jesuits, who had been expelled. After they had finished the necessary studies, they were ordained. They went in 1785 to Vienna ; but as there was no prospect of Joseph II allowing their order to be established in Austria, they turned their attention to Poland. Through the mediation of the papal nuncio Saluzzo, they obtained the church of St. Benno at War- saw and a dwelling-house, and from this their followers subsequently received in Warsaw the name of Bennon- ites. The priests of the new order, during the first years of their establishment, were in the habit of preach- ing every Sunday and feast-day in the open air; but as this was subsequently forbidden by the civil author- ities, they commenced preaching every Sunday in their church of St. Benno two sermons in Polish, two in Ger- man, and one in French. Their activity was rewarded by great success, for in 1796, shortly after they had commenced, the number of their communicants had reached, it is said, 19,000. Natives of Poland, in large numbers, entered the order; and Hoffbauer, during his sojourn in Poland, even opened a seminary for the clergy. In 1794, the order was invited to Mitau, in Courland, and Hoffbauer sent three priests to establish it there. In Warsaw they obtained a second church — that of the Holy Cross. In 1799 the order numbered twenty-five members in that city. As the}' were at a