volved in a war with the Turks, who threatened an in- vasion of Austria and Germany, and his desire to obtain the aid of the Protestant churches once more disposed him favorably towards toleration. New negotiations resulted in the conclusion of the religious peace of Nu- remberg (July 23, 1532), which enjoined upon both par- ties mutual friendship and Christian love until the ap- proaching council. Pope Clement VII so far yielded to the demands of the emperor that he promised in 1533 to convoke a council within the space of a year at Mantua, Bologna, or Piacenza ; but he demanded, at the same time, from the Protestants a previous unconditional sub- mission to the decrees of the council. This promise the Protestants naturally refused to give, though they were ready to attend the council and plead their cause. The power of the Protestants in the meanwhile was greatly strengthened by the accession of the dukes ofPomerania and Wiirtemberg, and by a union with the cities which favored the Zwinglian Reformation; and which, after a religious colloquy, held at Cassel in 1535, between Me- lancthon and Bucer, agreed in May, 1536, upon the Wit- tenberg ( 'oiieord. by which the cities unequivocally ac- cepted the Augsburg Confession. When in July, 1530, the pope actually convoked the council at Mantua, the Protestant states met again for consultation at Smal- kald. They accepted and signed the " Articles of Smal- kald" which had been composed by Luther, and which presented the doctrines of the Reformation in much stronger terms than the Confession of Augsburg, and they remained unanimous in the resolve not to attend an Italian council, at which the pope would appear both as a party and as a judge. The council did not meet, but in 1538 a " holy league" for the suppression of Protestantism was formed at Nuremberg by the arch- bishops of Mentz and Salzburg, the dukes of Bavaria, George of Saxony, and Henry of Brunswick. But the next year George died, and was succeeded by his Prot- estant brother Henry, who found it easy to carry through the Reformation; and a few years later (1512), Henry of Brunswick was driven from his dominions, into which his conquerors likewise introduced the Reformation. The elector of Brandenburg. Joachim I. a decided enemy of Luther, was likewise (1535) succeeded by a Protes- tant son. Thus gradually the Reformation gained over to its side nearly all the secular princes of Germany, with the exception of the dukes of Bavaria and the house of Hapsburg, which found it necessary to adhere to the old faith on account of its connection with Spain, Bel- gium, and Italy. Several new attempts were made to effect a reconciliation of the contending parties. The Colloquy of Worms (1540) remained without any result. At the Diet of Ratisbon (1541), where Rome was repre- sented by the pious legate Contarini, who himself fa- vored the fundamental doctrines of Protestantism as they were then maintained, an agreement was effected be- tween the theologians concerning the doctrine of justifi- cation and other points, but it was found impossible to harmonize views on transubstantiation. The Protes- tants, but not the Catholics, hail to pledge themselves to abide by the agreed articles (the Ratisbon Interim) until the meeting of the council. The pope was finally prevailed upon by the emperor to open (Dec. 13, 1545) the long-promised council at Trent, a city of the Ger- man empire. The emperor still adhered to the plan to force the pope into a Catholic reformation of the Church, and the Protestants into submission to the Church. An- other colloquy at Ratisbon was arranged in 15415 to draw- up a basis of union to be submitted to the council, but it remained without result. At the same time, the em- peror was determined to break the political power of Protestantism by annihilating the Smalkald alliance, and in this he was quite successful. The elector and the landgrave were declared guilty of high-treason, and in the ensuing Smalkaldie war. in which duke Maurice, though himself a Protestant, fought from political mo- tives on the side of the emperor, both princes were de- feated and made prisoners. The other members of the
REFORMATION
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REFORMATION
league, with the exception of a few cities, submitted, nations, the "Religious Peace of Augsburg" was con-
The emperor was anxious nol to give to his expedition eluded. It guaranteed the free ex< rcise "I religion to
the name of a religious war. bul the pope accorded a the Catholics and the adherents of the Confessi* f
plenary indulgence to all who would aid in the extermi- Augsburg. According to the " territorial system," which
•rman state had
dominion. The where he had been invited to act as umpire between the subjects of both Protestant and Catholic governments
<■ its of Mansfeld. In order to prevent the participa- who wen- unwilling to conform to the ruling religion
tion of the Protestants in the council, the pope caused retained only the righf to leave their country without
nation of the heretics. Shortly before the beginning of now came into use, the prince of everj Get the war (Feb. 18, 1546), Luther had died at Eisleben, aright to reform the Church within his d<
tin- immediate condemnation of some important Protes- tant doctrines in the tirst session of that body; ami to escape the reformatory pressure of the emperor, he trans- ferred the council (March, 1547), on the pretext that in Trenl ii was threatened by the pestilence, to Bologna, « here it soon dissolved. The emperor was greatly dis- satisfied, and determined to go on with his own re- formatory policy for preserving the religious unity of Christendom. At his request, the conciliator)- and no- ble-minded bishop of Naumburg, Julius von Pflugk, and the court preacher of the elector of Brandenburg, John Agricola, drew up the Augsburg Interim (1548), which was adopted by the diet, and was to serve as the standard according to which all matters relating to re- ligion should be arranged until the decision of the coun- cil. At first the Interim was intended to be valid for both Protestants and Catholics, but it really remained iii force only among the former, to whom it conceded the marriage of the clergy, the use of the cup in the sacrament, .and some indefinite constructions of particu- lar doctrines of the Catholic Church. The Protestants