obstruction. The Protestants remained in possession of the ecclesiastical benefices which they held in 1555. But with regard to the luture.it was provided that all spirit- ual states of the empire which should subsequently go over to the Augsburg Confession should by thai act-for- feil their offices and possessions. The Catholics n mem- bered with Tear the losses which they had sustained by the secession of the grand master of the • ii rman order, Albert of Brandenburg, and with which they were threatened by the sympath) with the Reformation of the archbishop Hermann of < lologne; and they therefore believed that on the adoption of the articles securing to them the possesion <>f hishoprics and other ecclesiastical states, even if their actual incumbents should become Protestants, the very existence of their Church would depend. The article called " Ecclesiastical Reservation" (Reservatum Ecclesiasticum) was proclaimed by the Roman lung Ferdinand as an actual ordinance of the diet, though the Protestants loudly protested against it. and their protest bad to be recorded in the peace. III. Zidnglis and Calvin
Reformation in Switzer- submitted to the Interim with great reluctance; and land. — Next to Germany, Switzerland became the prin- even the emperor's ally. Maurice of Saxony, did not risk cipal source of the Reformation. Bul it sent forth two
its unconditional introduction, and at his advice the Leipsic Interim (1548) was drawn up by Melancthon, in which the greater part of the Catholic ritual was de- clared to lie indifferent (adiapkoron),nnd therefore fil to 1m- retained. It also declared that the power of the pope and of the bishops might be acknowledged so long as they used it for the edification, and not for the destruc- tion, of the I Ihurch. Bul even this more Protestant In- terim gave no satisfaction, and the fermentation contin- ued until the new pope. Julius III. reconvoked the ( loun- cilofTrent for .May 1. 1551. The emperor demanded thai
cipal
currents which have never fully united, though many connecting canals have been buill between them, and both are now usually acknowledged as belonging to one comprehensive system, which is commonly desig- nated as the Reformed Church. One of the movements originated in German, the other in French, Switzerland. At the head of the one was I'lric Zwingli, al the head of the. other John Calvin. The thirteen cantons which constituted Switzerland at the beginning of the 16th century were still in nominal connection with the (icr- man empire: and the same causes, therefore, w hich have Protestants should attend the council, but Maurice made been referred to in our account of Germany favored the the attendance dependent upon the condition that Prot- growth of the Reformation in Switzerland. Dissatis- estants should receive the right of voting, thai the for- faction with and contempt of Rome were, moreover, pro- mer resolutions against the Protestants should be annul- moted in Switzerland by the large number of mercc
led. and that the pope himself should lie Subject to a naries who were employed in t he military sen ice of t he
general council. Melancthon elaborated as the basis of popes, and who, after returning home, not onh diffused
the doctrinal negotiations the <'tmj'<s.<i<> Saxonica, or a knowledge of the utter corruption prevailing in Rome,
Repeiitio ('<mu .<.<i<niis A nt/nstanee. P rotes tan I deputies
from Wiirtemberg, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Stras-
burg appeared al Trent, and Melancthon, accompanied
by several theologians of Wittenberg, set out to join
them. The situation of the Reformation was radically
changed when Maurice concluded a secret alliance against
the emperor wit ha number of Protest an I prince- and the
Catholic king of France, to whom, for his assistance, the
t hree < lerman hishoprics of Met/, 'foul, and Verdun were m a. in rously surrendered by the allies. Maurice, in a short and decisive war (1552), completely defeated the emperor, whowas sick at [nnspruck, and compelled him to agree to the Treaty of Passau (July 30, 1552), which tndgrave of Hesse al liberty (the elector of Sax- ony had been liberated previously), opened the impe- rial council to the adherents of the i:< formation, prom- ised a diet lor the settlement of the religious differences, and provided a permanent peace tor at least all those who sympathized with the Augsburg Confession. The continuance of the war between Germany ami France delayed the convocation of the Diel of Augsburg until Feb., 1555. Both parties in Germany had arrived af the conviction that the ho| f terminating the reli
hut by their own unworthy lives helped to bring Rome into disrepute.
1. Dlric Zwingli, who gave the firsl impulse to the Reformation in German Switzerland [see Zwingli], had reeeh ed his education at the universities of Vienna
and Basle, and in the latter place had joined himself to a circle of enthusiastic admirers of ancient learning and of enlightened religious \ ievt - w ho gathi red around Erasmus. It was more classical education and scien- tific study of the Holy Scriptures than, as in the ease of Luther, religious experience which made Zwingli an earnest advocate of religious reform, although, like his teacher Erasmus, he continued to hope for a reforma- tion within the Church by the ecclesiastical authorities themselves. Such views were entertained quite gen- erally in Switzerland: and thus, il gh Zwingli in
1518 raised his voice againsl the effrontery of a trader in indulgences, the Franciscan monk Bernardin Samson, he was appointed papal chaplain by the papal legate. Hi- preaching againsl the corruption- prevailing in the Church became more earnest after he had been ap- pointed, in 1519, "Lent priest" in Zurich. The influ- ences proceeding from Lutherdidnol remain without ef- ious controversy by means of religious colloquies or by feet upon him. and he began to be looked upon in Zurich