ol Rome which wasfirsl won by the Reformation. That freedom is now not only fully secured against .any pos- sible combination of Catholic states, but the parliaments of most ofthe latter, as Prance, Italy, Austria, Portugal, are as eager in the defence of this freedom as the Prot- estant slates. Thus il may he said that, after an exist- ence of about 350years, the Reformation has totally an- nihilated the influence of Rome upon the laws and the government ofthe civilized world.
XTV. Literature.— A great many works which are sources for the history of the Reformation have been mentioned in the .articles on the Reformers and on partic- ular churches. The following list contain-, works which more specially treat ofthe history ofthe Reformation: Sleidani />< Statu Religionis el Reipublica, ( sure, Commentarii (Stmsburg, 1555; Engl. transl. by Bo- hun, lend. 1689); Sculteti Armalium Evangelii passim per Europam /><<;, „,, Sexto SalutisParta Saa vati Decas let II | embracing the time from 1516 to 1536] (Heidelb. L618); Burner, Hist,ofth< Reformation (Lond. HiT'.t sip"): Gerdes, Introductio in Hist. Evangelii Sac. XVI passim per Europam Renovati (Groning. 1744 52, tom.iv); II audi bach. Vorlesungen Uberdas Wesen undGe- schichti der Reformation in Deutschland und der Schweiz (Leips. 183<I 13,6 vols.; Engl, transl. by Evelina Moore. Edinb. 1878 sq.); Clausen, Populan Vortrdge iiber die Reformation | Leips. 1837) ; 1 t'Aubigne*, Histoire • !< I" Re- formation mi XVIiemi Steele (Paris. L8S5 53, 5 vols.; Engl, transl. N. V. 1843 Bq.) ; and the supplementary His- toin ilt la Reformation nu temps de Calvin (Pari-. 1862
REFORMATION
997 REFORMED (DUTCH) CHURCH
sq. 8 vols. ; Engl, transl. N. Y. 1862-79) ; Beausobre, Hist, de la Reform. (1785); Neudecker, Gesch. der Reform. (Leips. 1843), and Gesch. des Protest, (ibid. 1844, 2 vols.) ; Dbllinger, Die Reform. (1846-48, 3 vols.) ; Gaillard, Hist, of the, Reform. (N. Y. 1847); Guericke, Gesch. der Reform, (Berlin, 1855) ; Stebbing, Hist, of the Reform, (Lond. 1850) ; Waddington, Hist, of the Reform, (ibid. 1841).; Hardwick, Hist, of the Ch. during the Reform. (Camb. 1856); Soames, Hist, of the Reform. (Lond'. 1826) ; Fish- er, Hist, of the Reform. (N. Y. 1873). On the doctrinal history of the Reformed churches, see Dorner, G< sch. di r Prot. Theologie (1867, Engl, transl. 1871); and Schaff, Creeds of Christendom (N. Y. 1877, 3 vols.). (A. J. S.)
REFORMATION, Festival of the. This is an an- nual commemoration in Germany of the great event of the 16th century. It is held on Oct. 31, to remind of the opening of the Reformation by the nailing of the ninety- five theses on the church doors at Wittenberg (Oct. 31, 1517). It is first celebrated as a secular feast, and on the following Sabbath as an ecclesiastical commemoration.
REFORMATION RIGHTS (jus reformandi) are the privileges granted to the different princes of the Reformation compact at the Augsburg Interim in 1555 to introduce into their states either the Catholic or Prot- estant faith, and to maintain it as the faith of the peo- ple. The peace of Westphalia, in 1G48, brought in modifications, but modern events have made so many changes that the rights of the Reformation exist only in name. At present it is religious liberty which each state concedes to its subjects, and the only question re- maining is whether Church and State shall have any interdependence. See State.
Reformed Baptists. See Campeellites.
Reformed Churches, the name usually given to all the churches of the Reformation. In a conventional sense, it is used to designate those Protestant churches in which the Calvinistic doctrines, and still more the Calvinistic polity, prevail, in contradistinction to the Lutheran (q. v.). The influence of Calvin proved more powerfid than that of Zwingli, which, however, no doubt considerably modified the views prevalent in many of these churches. The Reformed churches are very gen- erally known on the continent of Europe as the Calvin- istic churches, while the name Protestant Church is in some countries almost equivalent to that of Lutheran. One chief distinction of all the Reformed churches is their doctrine of the sacrament of the Lord's supper, characterized by the utter rejection not only of transub- stantiation, but of consubstantiation ; and it was on this point mainly that the controversy between the Luther- ans and the Reformed was long carried on. See Lord's Supper. They are also unanimous in their rejection of the use of images and of many ceremonies which the Lutherans have thought it proper to retain. Among the Reformed churches are those both of England and Scotland (notwithstanding the Episcopalian government of the former and the Presbyterianism of the latter), the Protestant Church of France, that of Holland and the Netherlands, many German churches, the once flourish- ing Protestant Church of Poland, etc., with those in America and elsewhere which have sprung from them (Chambers). See Protestantism; Reformation.
Reformed (DUTCH) Church in America, one of the oldest and most influential bodies of Christians in this country.
I. Name. — The former title of this denomination in- dicated its historical relations, " the Reformed Protes- tant Dutch Church in North America." It is "Re- formed," as distinct from Lutheranism; "Protestant," as protesting against Rome; "Dutch," as expressing its origin in Holland. In 1867, by an almost unanimous vote of its General Synod, with the concurrence of the great majority of the classes, the name of the Church was restored to its simple and original form— the Re- formed Church. The history and reasons of this change are fully presented in an elaborate report, which is ap-