91. Fruit. See oni. 13.
Had ye (elyere). Imperfect tense, denoting continuance. What fruit were ye having during your service of sin ?
In the things whereof (颒 ofs). Some change the punctu- ation, and read “ What fruit had ye at that time? Things
Cu. VIL] THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS. %3
whereof ye are now ashamed.” But the majority of the best texts reject this, and besides, the question is of having fruit, not of the quality of the fruit.
23. Wages (oywwa). From éyov cooked meat, and later, generally, provisions. At Athens especially fish. Hence dyodv- tov is primarily provision-money, and is used of supplies for an army, see 1 Cor. ix. 7. The figure of ver. 13 is carried out: Sin, as a lord to whom they tender weapons and who pays wages.
Death. “Sin pays its serfs by punishing them. Its wages is death, and the death for which its counters are available is the destruction of the weal of the soul” (Morison).
Gift (ydpicua). Rev., rightly, free gift (compare ch. v. 15). In sharp contrast with wages.
1. Brethren. All Christians, not only Jews but Gentiles who are assumed to be acquainted with the Old Testament.
2. That hath a husband (Uravépos). Lit., wnder or subject toahusband. The illustration is selected to bring forward the union with Christ after the release from the law, as analogous to a new marriage (ver. 4).
Is loosed (xarnpyntar). Rev., discharged. See on iii. 3. Lit., she has been brought to nought as respects the law of the husband.
The law of the husband. Her legal connection with him. She dies to that law with the husband’s death. There is an apparent awkwardness in carrying ont the figure. The law, in vy. 1, 2, is represented by the husband who rules (hath domin- zon). On the death of the husband the woman is released. In ver. 4, the wife (figuratively) dies. ‘‘ Ye are become dead to the law that ye should be married to another.” But as the law is previously represented by the husband, and the woman is re-
74. WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT, (Cu. VIE
leased by the husband’s death, so, to make the figure consistent, the daw should be represented as dying in order to effect the believer’s release. The awkwardness is relieved by taking as the middle term of comparison the idea of dead in a marriages relation. When the husband dies the wife dies (s brought to nought) so far as the marriage relation is concerned. The hus- band is represented as the party who dies because the figure of a second marriage is introduced with its application to believers (ver. 4). Believers are made dead to the law as the wife is maritally dead—killed in respect of the marriage relation by her husband’s death. .
3. She shall be called (ypnyarice:). See on Acts xi. 26.
4. Are become dead (é9avat@Inre). Rev., more accu- rately, ye were made dead, put to death ; because this ethical death is fellowship with Christ’s death, which was by violence.
Who was raised. An important addition, because it refers to the newness of life which issues from the rising with Christ. See ch. vi. 3, 11, 13, 29.
Bring forth fruit. The figure of marriage is continued, but the reference is not to be pressed. The real point of analogy is the termination of relations to the old state.
5. In the flesh (év rH capkl). Sdp£ flesh, occurs in the classics in the physical sense only. Homer commonly uses it in the plural as denoting all the flesh or muscles of the body. Later the singular occurs in the same sense. Paul’s use of this and other psychological terms must be determined largely by the Old-Testament usage as it appears in the Septuagint. *
*It is becoming increasingly manifest how necessary is a thorough ac- quaintance with the language of the Septuagint to a clear understanding of Paul’s writings, and indeed of New-Testament Greek in general. The want of an adequate apparatus in this branch of study constantly makes itself felt by the critical student of the New Testament. The recent death of Edwin Hatch, of Oxford, who was engaged upon a new Concordance to the Septua- gint, is a serious loss to New-Testament scholarship. The student may profit- ably consult that scholar’s ‘‘Essays in Biblical Greek” (1889). See also twa interesting articles by Archdeacon Farrar, “Expositor,” first series, i., 15, 104; and, with special reference to Paul’s use of psychological terms, Pro fessor Dickson's ‘‘ Paul's Use of the Terms Flesh and Spirit.”