ἀπελθοῦσαι ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἑτέρας. In the case of the angels the forbidden flesh (lit. ‘‘ other than that appointed by God”’). refers to the intercourse with women; in the case of Sodom to the departure from the natural use (Rom. i. 27), what Philo calls ἀνόμους καὶ ἐκθέσμους µίξεις. (de Gig. M i. p. 267), cf. Exod. xxx. 9, οὐκ ἀνοίσεις θυμίαμα ἕτερον. For the post-classical phrase cf. 2 Pet. ii. 10, τοὺς ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ πορευ- οµένους, Deut. iv. 3, ἐπορεύθη ὀπίσω Βεελφεγώρ, Jer. ii. 2, 3.
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a wy a“ x > , , ε σαρκὸς ἐτέρας, πρόκεινται δεῖγμα πυρὸς αἰωνίου δίκην ὑπέχουσαι. 8. Ὁμοίως μέντοι καὶ οὗτοι ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι σάρκα μὲν µιαίνουσιν,
πρόκεινται δεῖγμα πυρὸςαἰωνίου δίκην ὑπέχουσαι. Cf. Enoch lxvii. 12, “ this judgment wherewith the angels are judged is a testimony for the kings and the mighty,” 2 Pet. ii. 6, ὑπόδειγμα ped- λόντων ἀσεβέσιν τεθεικώς, 1 Cor. x. 6, II τύποι ἐγένοντο, Heb. iv. 11 ἵνα μὴ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ τις ὑποδείγματι πέσῃ τῆς ἀπειθείας. The present aspect of the Lacus Asphaltites was a conspicuous image of the lake of fire and brimstone prepared for Satan and his followers, Apoc. xix. 20, xx. 1Ο, xxi. δ. It is ques- tioned whether πυρός is governed by δεῖγμα or δίκην. If by δίκην, then the burning of Sodom is itself spoken of as still going on (eternal), and this is in accordance with Jewish belief as recorded in Wisd. x. 7 (wip NMevramédews) ἧς ἔτι μαρτύριον τῆς πονηρίας καπνιζοµένη καθέστηκε χέρσος, Philo (De Abr. Μ. ii. xxi.), µέχρι νΏν καίεται. τὸ γὰρ κεραύ- νιον TUp ἥκιστα σβεννύμενον ἢ νέµεται ἢ ἐντύφεται. πίστις δὲ σαφεστάτη τὰ δρώμενα, τοῦ γὰρ συµβεβηκότος πάθους σημεῖόν ἐστιν ὅ τε ἀναδιδόμενος ἀεὶ καπνὸς καὶ ὃ µεταλλεύουσι θεῖον, ib. V. Moys. M. ii. p. 143. Some disallow this sense of αἰώνιος and think that it can only be used of hell-fire, as in 4 Mace. xii. 12 (the words of the martyr contrast- ing the fires of present torture with the eternal flames awaiting the persecutor), ταμιεύεταί σε ἤ θεία δίκη πυκνοτέρῳ καὶ αἰωνίῳ πυρί, καὶ βάσανοι εἰς ὅλον τὸν αἰῶνα οὐκ ἀνήσουσί σε. For an exami- nation of the word see Jukes, Restitution of all Things, p. 67 n. and cf. Jer. xxiii. 39, 40, Ezek. xvi. 53, 55 (on the restora- tion of Sodom), xlvii. 1-12 (a prophecy ot the removal of the curse of the Dead Sea and its borders), Enoch. x. 5 and 12, where the eis αἰῶνα of the former verse is equivalent to seventy generations in the latter, also ver. το where ζωὴ αἰώνιος is reckoned at 500 years. As the mean- ing of δεῖγμα is made clear by the fol- lowing participial clause, it seems unnecessary to take it with πυρός in the sense of “an example or type of eternal fire,” which would escape the difficulty connected with αἰωνίου, but leaves δίκην ὑπέχουσαι (for which cf. Xen. Mem. ii. 1, 8, 2, Macc. iv. 48) a somewhat otiose appendage. Inthe book of Enoch (Ixvii. 4 foll.) the angels who sinned are said to be imprisoned in a burning valley (Hin- nom, ch. 27) in which there was a great
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swelling of waters, accompanied by a smell of sulphur; and “that valley of the angels burned continually under the earth’. Charles notes on this that ‘the Gehenna valley here includes the adjacent country down to the Dead Sea. A sub- terranean fire was believed to exist under the Gehenna valley.”
Ver. 8. ὁμοίως μέντοι καὶ οὗτοι. Notwithstanding these warnings the libertines go on in similar courses.
ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι σάρκα µιαίνουσιν Compare Acts ii. 17 (a quotation from Joel ii. 28), ot πρεσβύτεροι ὑμῶν ἐνυπνίοις ἐνυπνιασθήσονται, of those that see visions: and so Spitta (holding that Jude copied from 2 Peter), would render it here, prefixing the article to make it correspond with the ψευδοπροφῆται and ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι of 2 Peterii. 1. Those who take the opposite view (viz. that 2 Peter was copied from Jude) will see nothing to justify the article. The word is used by Isa. lvi. το in connexion with the words οὐκ ἔγνωσαν, οὐκ εἰδότες (see ver. 10 below), ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι κοίτην Φιλοῦντες νυστάξαι, which Delitsch ex- plains “ instead of watching and praying to see divine revelations for the benefit of the people, they are lovers of ease talkers in their sleep,