142 FOUETH PEKIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
in the West, so in Russia, monasticism was the chief institution for the spread of Christianity among heathen savages. Hilarion (afterwards Metropolitan), Anthony, Theodosius, Sergius, Laza rus, are prominent names in the early history of Russian monas ticism.
The subsequent history of the Russian church is isolated from the main current of history, and almost barren of events till the age of Nikon and Peter the Great. At first she was dependent on the patriarch of Constantinople. In 1325 Moscow was founded, and became, in the place of Kieff, the Russian Rome, with a metropolitan, who after the fall of Constantinople became independent (1461), and a century later was raised to the dig nity of one of the five patriarchs of the Eastern Church (1587). But Peter the Great made the Northern city of his own found ing the ecclesiastical as well as the political metropolis, and transferred the authority of the patriarchate of Moscow to the "Holy Synod" (1721), which permanently resides in St. Peters burg and constitutes the highest ecclesiastical judicatory of Russia under the csesaropapal rule of the Czar, the most power ful rival of the Roman Pope.
\ 38. MOHAMMEDANISM. LITERATURE. 143
CHAPTER III.
MOHAMMEDANISM IN ITS RELATION TO CHRISTIANITY.1
"There is no God but God, and Mohammed is his apostle."— The Koran.
"There is one God and one Mediator between God and men, the .man Christ Jesus, who gave himself a ransom for all." — 1 Tim. ii. 5, 6.
§ 38. Literature.
See A. SPRENGER'S Blbliotheca Orientalis Sprengeriana. Giessen, 1857. W. MUIR: Life of Mahomet, Vol. I., ch. 1. Muir discusses especially the
value of Mohammedan traditions. CH. FRIEDRICI: Blbliotheca Orientalis. London (Triibner & Co.) 1875 sqq.
I. SOURCES.
1. The KORAN or AL-KORAN. The chief source. The Mohammedan Bible, claiming to be given by inspiration to Mohammed during the course of twenty years. About twice as large as the New Testament. The best Arabic MSS., often most beautifully written, are in the Mosques of Cairo, Damascus, Constantinople, and Paris ; the largest collection in the library of the Khedive in Cairo. Printed editions in Arabic by HINKELMANN (Hamburg, 1694) ; MOLLA OSMAN ISMAEL (St. Petersburg, 1787 and 1803) ; G. FLUGEL (Leipz., 1834) ; revised by REDSLOB (1837, 1842, 1858). Arabice ct Latine, ed. L. MARACCIUS, Patav., 1098, 2 vols., fol. (Alcorani textns univcrsus, with notes and refutation). A lithographed edition of the Arabic text appeared at Lucknow in India, 1878 (A. H. 1296).
The standard English translations : in prose by GEO. SALE (first publ., Lond., 1734, also 1801, 1825, Philad., 1833, etc.), with a learned and valuable preliminary discourse and notes ; in the metre, but without the
1 Mahomet and Mahometanism, is the usual, but Mohammad, Muhammad, or Mohammed, Mohammedanism, is the more correct spelling in English. Sale, Deutsch, B. Smith, Khan Bahador, and others, spell Mohammed; Sprenger, Mohammad; Noldeke, Muhammcd; Gibbon, Carlyle and Muir, retain Mahomet. The word means: the Praised, the Glorified, the Illustrious; but according to Sprenger and Deutsch, the Dcw'rrd, perhaps with reference to the Messianic interpretation of " the Desire of all nations," Hagg. 2 : 7. See on the name, Sprenger, I. 155 sqq., and Deutsch, p. 68 note.
144 FOUETII PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
rhyme, of the original by J. M. KODWELL (Lond., 1861, 2d ed. 1876, the Suras arranged* in chronological order). A new transl. in prose by E. H. PALMER (Oxford, 1880, 2 vols.) in M. Miiller's " Sacred Books of the East." Parts -re admirably translated by EDWARD W. LANE, French translation by SAVARY, Paris, 1783, 2 vols. ; enlarged edition by GARCIN DE TASSY, 1829, in 3 vols. ; another by M. KASIMIRSKI, Paris, 1847, and 1873.
German translations by WAHL (Halle, 1828), L. ULLMANN (Bielefeld, 1840, 4th ed. 1857), and parts by HAMMER VON PURGSTALL (in the Fundgruben des Orients], and SPRENGER (in Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad).
2. Secondary sources on the Life of Moh. and the origin of Isl^m are the numerous poems of contemporaries, especially in IBN ISHAC, and the collections of the sayings of Moh., especially the SAHIH (i. e. The True, the Genuine) of Albuchari (d. 871). Also the early Commentaries on the Koran, which explain difficult passages, recon cile the contradictions, and insert traditional sayings and legends. See Sprenger, III. CIV.sqq.