II. WORKS ON THE KORAN.
TH. NOLDEKE: Oeschichte des Quorans, (History of the Koran), Gottingen,
1860 ; and his art. in the " Encycl. Brit.," 9th ed. XVI. 597-606. GARCIN DE TASSY: L'lslamisme d'apres le Goran P enseignement doctrinal
et la pratique, 3d ed. Paris, 1874. GTJSTAV WEIL : Hist. Jcritische Einleitung in den Koran. Bielefeld und
Leipz., 1844, 2d ed., 1878. SIR WILLIAM MUIR: The Coran. Its Composition and Teaching; and
the Testimony it bears to the Holy Scriptures. (Allahabad, 1860),
3d ed., Lond., 1878. SPRENGER, L c., III., pp. xviii.-cxx.
III. BIOGRAPHIES OF MOHAMMED.
1. Mohammedan biographers.
ZOHRI (the oldest, died after the Hegira 124).
IBN ISHAC (or IBNI ISHAK, d. A H. 151, or A. D. 773), ed. in Arabic from MSS. by Wustenfeld, Gott., 1858-60, translated by Weil, Stuttg., 1864.
IBN (Ibni) HISHAM (d. A. H. 213, A. D. 835), also ed. by Wustenfeld, and translated by Weil, 1864.
KATIB AL WAQUIDI (or WACKEDEE, WACKIDI, d. at Bagdad A. H. 207, A. D. 829), a man of prodigious learning, who collected the tradi tions, and left six hundred chests of books (Sprenger, III., LXXI.), and his secretary, MUHAMMAD IBN S!AD (d. A. H. 230, A. D. 852), who arranged, abridged, and completed the biographical works of
238. MOHAMMEDANISM. LITERATURE. 145
his master in twelve or fifteen for. vols. ; the first vol. contains the biog raphy of Moh., and is preferred by Muir and Sprenger to all others. German transl. by WELLHAUMEN : Muhammed in Medina. From the Arabic of Vakidi. Berlin, 1882. TABAIII (or TIBREE, d. A. II. 310, A. D. 932), called by Gibbon "the
Livy of the Arabians."
Muir says (I., CIII.) : "To tlie three biographies by IBN HISIIAM, by WACKIDI, and his secretary, and by TABARI, the judicious historian of Mahomet will, as his original authorities, confine himself. He will also receive, with a similar respect, such traditions in the general collections of the earliest traditionists — Bokhari, Muslim, Tirmidzi, etc., — as may bear upon his subject. But he will reject as evidence all later authors." ABULFEDA (or ABULFIDA, d. 1331), once considered the chief authority,
now set aside by much older sources.
*SYEI> AHMED KHAN BAHADOR (member of the Royal Asiatic Society) : A Series of Essays on the Life of Mohammed. London (Triibner & Co.), 1870. He wrote also a " Mohammedan Commentary on the Holy Bible." He begins with the sentence: "In nomine Dei Misericordis Miscratoris. Of all the innumerable wonders of the universe, the most marvellous is religion."
SYED AMEER ALT, MOULVE (a Mohammedan lawyer, and brother of the former) : A Critical Examination of the Life and Teachings of Mohammed. London 1873. A defense of Moh. chiefly drawn from Ibn-Hisham (and Ibn-al Athir (1160-1223). 2. Christian Biographies. DEAN PRIDEAUX (d. 1724) : Life of Mahomet, 1697, 7th eel. Lond., 1718.
Very unfavorable. COUNT BOULINVILLIERS : The Life of Mahomet. Transl. from the French.
Lond., 1731.
JEAN GAGNIER (d. 1740) : La vie de Mahomet, 1732, 2 vols., etc. Amsterd. 1748, 3 vols. Chiefly from Abulfeda and the Sonna. He also translated Abulfeda.
*GlBBON: Decline and Fall, etc. (1788), chs. 50-52. Although not an Arabic scholar, Gibbon made the best use of the sources then acces sible in Latin, French, and English, and gives a brilliant and, upon the whole, impartial picture.
*GusTAV WEIL: Mohammed der Prophet, sein Leben und seine Lehre. Stuttgart, 1843. Comp. also his translation of Ibn Ishdc, and Ibn Hishdm, Stuttgart, 1864, 2 vols. • and his Biblische Legendcn dcr Muxrhniinner aus arabischen Qnellen und mit jiid. Sagen vcrglichen. Frcf., 1845. The last is also transl. into English.
TH. CARLYLE : The Hero as Prophet, in his Heroes Hero- Worship and
146 FOURTH PEEIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
the Heroic in History. London, 1840. A mere sketch, but full of genius and stimulating hints. He says : " We have chosen Mahomet not as the most eminent prophet, but as the one we are freest to speak of. He is by no means the truest of prophets, but 1 esteem him a true one. Farther, as there is no danger of our becoming, any of us, Mahometans, I mean to say all the good of him I justly can. It is the way to get at his secret."
WASHINGTON IRVING : Mahomet and His Followers. N. Y., 1850. 2 vols.
GEORGE BUSH: The Life of Mohammed. New York (Harpers).
*SiR WILLIAM MUIR (of the Bengal Civil Service) : The Life of Mahomet. With introductory chapters on the original sources for the biography of Mahomet, >and on the pre-Islamite history of Arabia. Lond., 1858-1861, 4 vols. Learned, able, and fair. Abridgement in 1 vol. Lond., 1877.
*A. SPRENGER: First an English biography printed at Allahabad, 1851, and then a, more complete one in German, Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad. Nach bisher grbsstentheils unbenutzten Quellen. Ber lin, 1861-'G§, 2d ed. 1869, 3 vols. This work is based on original and Arabic sources, and long personal intercourse with Mohamme dans in India, but is not a well digested philosophical biography.
*THEOD. NOLDEKE: Das Leben Muhammeds. Hanover, 1863. Comp. his elaborate ^art. in Vol. XVIII. of Herzog's Beal-EncycL, first ed.
E. REN AN: Mahomet, et les origines de l'islamisme;iu his " Etudes de 1'histoire relig.," 7th ed. Par., 1864.
BARTHELEMY SAINT-HILAIRE: Mahomet et le Coran. Paris, 1865. Based on Sprenger and Muir.
CH. SCHOLL : L} Islam et son Fondateur. Paris, 1874.
R. BOSWORTH SMITH (Assistant Master in Harrow School) : Mohammed and Mohammedanism. Lond. 1874, reprinted New York, 1875.
,T. W. H. STOBART: Islam and its Founder. London, 1^76.
J. WELLHAUSEN: Art. Moh. in the "Encycl. Brit." 9th ed. vol. XVI. 545-565.