IV. HISTORY OF THE ARABS AND TURKS.
*Jos. VON HAMMER-PuRGSTALL : Geschichte des osmanischen JReiches.
Pesth, 1827-34, 10 vols. A smaller ed. in 4 vols. This standard work
is the result of thirty years' labor, and brings the history down to 1774.
By the same: Literaturgeschichte der Araber. Wien, 1850-'57, 7 vols. *G. WEIL: Gfesdh. der Vhalifen. Mannheim, 1846-51, 3 vols. *CAUSSIN DE PERCEVAL : Essai sur I'histoire des Arabes. Paris, 1848, 3 vols. *EDWARD A. FREEMAN (D.C.L., LL.D.) : History and Conquests of the
Saracens. Lond., 1856, 3d ed. 1876. ROBERT DURIE OSBORN (Major of the Bengal Staff Corps) : Islam wider
the Arabs. London., 1876; Islam under the Khalifs of Baghdad.
London, 1877. SIR EDWARD S. CREASY : History of the Ottoman Turks from the Begin*
238. MOHAMMEDANISM. LITERATURE. 147
ninfj of their Empire to the present Time. Lond., 2d cd. 1877. Chiefly
founded on von Hammer. Til. NOLDEKE: Geschichtc der Perser und Araber zur Zeit dcr Samniden.
Ans der arabischen Chronik dcs Tabari ubersetzt. Ley den, 1879. Sir WM. Muni: Annals of the Early Caliphate. London 1883.
V. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE MOHAMMEDANS.
Jon. LUDWIQ BURCKHARDT: Travels in Nubia, 1819; Travels in Syria and Palestine, 1823 ; Notes on the Bedouins, 1830.
*Eo\v. W. LANE: Modern Egyptians. Lond., 1836, 5th ed. 1871, in 2 vols.
*Ricii. F. BURTON: Personal narrative of a Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Meccah, Lond. 1856, 3 vols.
C- B. KLUNZINGER: Upper Egypt: its People and its Products. A de scriptive Account of the Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Occupa tions of the People of the Nile Valley, the Desert, and the Red Sea Coast. New York, 1878. A valuable supplement to Lane. Books of Eastern Travel, especially on Egypt and Turkey. BAHRDT'S
Travels in Central Africa (1857), PALGRAVE'S Arabia (1867), etc.
VI. RELATION OF MOHAMMEDANISM TO JUDAISM.
*ABRAHAM GEIGER: Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthum aufgcnom-
men ? Bonn, 1833. HARTWIG HIRSCHFELD : Jiidische Elemente im Koran. Berlin, 1878.
VII. MOHAMMEDANISM AS A RELIGION, AND IN ITS RELATION TO CHRISTIANITY.
L. MARACCI: Prodromus ad refutationem Alcorani. Rom., 1691, 4 vols.
S. LEE: Controversial Tracts on Christianity and Mahometanism. 1824.
J. DOLLINGER (R. C.) : Mu hammed1 s Religion nach ihrer innern Entwiclclung u. ihrem Einjluss auf das Leben der Volker. Regensb. 1838.
A. MOHLER (R. C.) : 7>a-9 Vcrhdltniss des Islam zum Christenthum (in his " Gcsammelte Schriften "). Regensb., 1839.
C. F. GEROCK : Versuch cincr Darstellung der Christologie des Koran. Hamburg und Gotha, 1839.
J. II. NEWMAN (R. C.): The Turks in their relation to Europe (written in 1853), in his " Historical Sketches." London, 1872, pp. 1-237.
DEAN ARTHUR P. STANLFA': Mnhometanism and its relations to the East ern Church (in Loi-tures on the " History of the Eastern Church." London and Now York, 1862, pp. 360-387). A picturesque sketch.
DEAN MILMAN: History of Latin Christianity. Book IV., chs. 1 and 2. (Vol. II. p. 109).
THEOD. NOLDEKE: Art. Mn hammed und dcr Islam, in HERZOG'S " Real- Encyclop." Vol. XVIII. (1864), pp. 767-820.
*EMAN. DEUTSCH : Mam, in his " Liter. Remains." Lond. and N. York, 1874, pp. 50-134. The article originally appeared in the London
148 FOURTH PEKIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
" Quarterly Review " for Oct. 1869, and is also printed at the end of the New York (Harper) ed. of R. Bosworth Smith's Mohammed.
Reports of the General Missionary Conference at Allahabad, 1873.
J. MUHLEISEN ARNOLD (formerly chaplain at Batavia): Islam: its His tory, Character, and Relation to Christianity. Lond., 1874, 3d ed.
GUSTAV. ROSCH : Die Jesusmythen des Islam, in the " Studien und Kritiken." Gotha, 1876. (No. III. pp. 409-454).
MARCUS DODS: Mohammed, Buddha, and Christ. Lond. 2d ed. 1878.
CH. A. AIKEN : Mohammedanism as a Missionary Religion. In the " Bibliotheca Sacra," of Andover for 1879, p. 157.
ARCHBISHOP TRENCH : Lectures on Mediaeval Church History (Lect. IV. 45-58). London, 1877.
HENRY H. JESSUP (Amer. Presbyt. missionary at Beirut) : The Moham medan Missionary Problem. Philadelphia, 1879.
EDOTJARD SAYOUS : Jesus Christ d'aprbs Mahomet. Paris 1880.
G. P. BADGER : Muhdmmed in Smith and Wace, III. 951-998.