294. CHURCH POETRY. 411
THEODORE OF THE STUDIUM (a celebrated convent near Constantinople) is distinguished for his sufferings in the icono clastic controversy, and died in exile, 826, on the eleventh of November. He wrote canons for Lent and odes for the festivals of saints. The spirited canon on Sunday of Orthodoxy in cele bration of the final triumph of image- worship in 842, is ascribed to him, but must be of later date as he died before that victory.1
JOSEPH OF THE STUDIUM, a brother of Theodore, and monk of that convent, afterwards Archbishop of Thessalonica (hence also called Thessalonicensis), died in prison in consequence of tortures inflicted on him by order of the Emperor Theophilus (829-842). He is sometimes confounded (even by Neale) with Joseph Hymnographus ; but they are distinguished by Nicephorus and commemorated on different days.2
THEOCTISTUS OF THE STUDIUM (about 890) is the author of a "Suppliant Canon to Jesus/7 the only thing known of him, but the sweetest Jesus-hymn of the Greek Church.3
JOSEPH, called HYMNOGRAPHUS (880), is the most prolific, most bombastic, and most tedious of Greek hymn-writers. He was a Sicilian by birth, at last superintendent of sacred vessels
Rornanus allusions to the Monotheletic controversy, which began about A. D. 630. He gives a German version in part of the beautiful description of the benefits of redemption, p. 221 sq.
Christ, p. 101 sq. ; Daniel, III. 101-109. Neale has translated four odea of Theodorus Studita, one on the judgment-day (6 Kvpioe ep^erai). Pitra has brought to light from MSS. eighteen of his poems on saints. See his Opera in Migne " Patr. Or." 99.
2 Christ, p. XLVII. : " Nicephorus duos losephos hymnorum scriptorcs recenset, quorum alterum Studiorum monasterii socium, alterum peregrinum dicit. Priorem intelligo losephum fratrem minor cm Theodori, Studiorum antistitis, cuius memories dies XIV. mcnsis lulii consecratus est. Is ob morum integritatem et doctrines laudem Thesscdonicensis ecclesice archiepiscopus electus a Theophilo rege ( S29-342), qui in cultores imaginum sceviebat, in vincula coniectus et omni tormentorum genere adeo vexatus est, ut in carcere mortem occumbcret. Alter ius lo^ephi, qui proprie vuvoypatpoc; audit, memoriam die III. mensis Aprilis ecclesia grcsca concelcbrat. Is peregrinus (#vof ) ab Nicephoro dictus esse dicitur, quod ex Sicilia insula oriundus erat et patria ab Arabibus capta ct vastata cum matre et fratribus primum in Peloponnesum, deinde Thessalonicem confugit, qua in urbe monachorum disciplines severissimce sese addixit"
8 English translation by Neale. See below, p. 473.
412 FOURTH PEKIOD. A. D. 590-1041.
in a church at Constantinople. He was a friend of Photius, and followed him into exile. He is credited with a very large number of canons in the Mencea and the Octoechus.1
TARASIUS, patriarch of Constantinople (784), was the chief mover in the restoration of Icons and the second Council of Nicsea (787). He died Feb. 25, 806. His hymns are unimportant.2
EUTHYMIUS, usually known as Syngelus or Syncellus (died about 910), is the author of a penitential canon to the Virgin Mary, which is much esteemed in the East.3
ELIAS, bishop of Jerusalem about 761, and ORESTES, bishop of the same city, 996-1012, have been brought to light as poets by the researches of Pitra from the libraries of Grotta Ferrata, and other convents.
In addition to these may be mentioned METHODIUS (846),* PHOTIUS, Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 891), METROPHANES of Smyrna (900), LEO VI., or the Philosopher, who troubled the Eastern Church by a fourth marriage (886-917), SYMEON METAPHRASTES (Secretary and Chancellor of the Imperial Court at Constantinople, about 900), KASIAS, NILUS XANTHO- PULUS, JOANNES (JTEOMETRA, and MAUROPUS (1060). With the last the Greek hymnody well nigh ceased. A considerable number of hymns cannot be traced to a known author.5
We give in conclusion the best specimens of Greek hymnody as reproduced and adapted to modern use by Dr. Neale.
1 Christ, 242-253; Daniel, III. 112-114; Neale, p. 120-151; Bassler, p. 23, 165; Schaff, p. 240 sq. Joseph is also the author of hymns formerly ascribed to Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, during the Monotheletic controversy, as Paranikas has shown (Christ, ProL, p. liii.).
* Neale notices him, but thinks it not worth while to translate his poetry.
8 Kavbv elf rr)v vTrepaylav Qeor6Kov. See Daniel, III. 17-20.
4 Not to be confounded with Methodius Eubulius, of Patara, the martyr (d. 311), who is also counted amon? the poets for his psalm of the Virgins in praise of chastity (nap&tviw) ; see vol. II. 811, and Christ, p. 33-37. Bassler (p. 4 sq.) gives a German version of it by Fortlage.
5 Pitra concludes his collection with eighty-three anonymous hymns, thirtytwo of which he assigns to the poets of the Studium. See also Daniel, III. 110-138, and the last hymns in Neale a translations.