2 131. THE PAULICIANS. 573
CHAPTER XII.
HERETICAL SECTS. § 131. The Paulicians.
I. PETRUS SICTJLTJS (imperial commissioner in Armenia, about 870) : Ris~
toria Manichceorum, qui Pauliciani dicuntur ('Icrrop/a irspl rfj^ Kevijs nai juaraia^ aipeoeus riJv Mav^a/wf rtiv Kal Havlumavuv %eyofj.fvuv}. Gt tt Lat. ed. Matth. Raderus. Ingolst., 1(504. Newly ed. by J. C. L. Gieseler. Gottingen, 1846, with an appendix, 1849. PHOTITJS (d. 891): Adv. recentiores Manichatos, lib. IV. Ed. by /. Chr. Wolf. Hamburg, 1722; in GALLAXDII " Bibl. PP." XIII. G03 sq., and in PHOTII Opera ed. Migne, Tom. II., col. 9-264 (reprint of Wolf). For the history of the sect after A. D. 870 we must depend on the Byzantine historians, Constantine Porphyrogenitus and Cedrenus.
II. MOSHEIM: Century IX., ch. V. SCHRCECKH: vols. XX. 365 sqq.,
and XXIII. 318 sqq. GIBBON: Ch. LIV. (vol. V. 534-554). F. SCHMIDT: Historia Paulicianorum Oricntalium. Kopenhagen, i826. GIESELER: Untersuchunqen ilbcr die Gesch. der Paulicianer, in the "Studien und Kritiken," 1829, No. I., 79 sqq.; and his Churth His tory, II. 21 sqq., and 231 sqq. (Germ. ed. II. 1, 13 and 400). NEAN- DER, III. 244-270, and 586-592. BAUR: Christ I. K. im Mtitelalter, p. 22-25. HERGEXROTIIER, I. 524-527. HARDWICK, Middle Age, p. 78-84. ROBERTSON, II. 164-173 (revised ed. IV. 117-127). C. SCHMIDT, in Herzog2 XI. 343-348. A. LOMBARD: Pauliciens, Bulgares et Boris- hommes en Orient et Occident. Genove, 1879.
THE Monothelites, the Adoptionists, the Predestinarians, and the Berengarians moved within the limits of the Catholic church, dissented from it only in one doctrine, and are inter woven with the development of catholic orthodoxy which has been described in the preceding chapter. But there were also radical heretical sects which mixed Christianity with heathen notions, disowned all connection with the historic church, and set themselves up against it as rival communities. They were essentially dualistic, like the ancient Gnostics and Manichaeans, and hence their Catholic opponents called them by the conve nient and hated name of New Manichrcans; though the system of the Paulicians has more affinity with that of Marciou. They
574 FOUETH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
appeared first in the East, and spread afterwards by unknown tracks in the West. They reached their height in the thirteenth century, when they were crushed, but not annihilated, by a crusade under Pope Innocent III.
These sects have often been falsely represented1 as forerun ners of Protestantism; they are so only in a purely negative sense, while in their positive opinions they differ as widely from the evangelical as from the Greek and Roman creed. The Re formation came out of the bosom of Mediaeval Catholicism, retained its ecumenical doctrines, and kept up the historic continuity.
The PAULiciANS2 are the most important sect in our period. They were confined to the territory of the Eastern church. They flourished in Armenia, where Christianity came in con flict with Parsism and was mixed with dualistic ideas. They probably inherited some traditions of the Manicha3ans and Marcionites.
I. Their name is derived by their Greek opponents3 from two brothers, Paul and John, sons of a Mauichaean woman, Kallinike, in Samosata; but, more probably, by modern histo rians4 from their preference for St. Paul, whom they placed highest among the Apostles. They borrowed the names of their leading teachers from his disciples (Sylvanus, Titus, Timo thy, Tychicus, Epaphroditus), and called their congregations after his (Corinth, Philippi, Achaia, etc.). They themselves preferred simply the name " Christians" (Xptartavoi, Xptaroxofircu), in opposition to the professors of the Roman statereligion (P«)fj.atouz).
II. The founder of the sect is CONSTANTIXE, a Syrian from
1 Antipathetically by Roman Catholic, sympathetically by Protestant histo rians.
2 Ilav^tKoi, Tlav%iK.iavot, HavhiaviToi.
8 Peter the Sicilian and Photius, followed by Mosheim and Schrackh. * Gibbon, Gieseler, Neander, Baur, Hardwick.
\ 131. THE PAULICIANS. 575
a Gnostic (Marcionite) congregation in Mananalis near Samosata. Inspired by the epistles of St. Paul and pretending to be his genuine disciple, he propagated under the name of Sylvanus dualistic doctrines in Kibossa in Armenia and in the regions of Poijtus and Cappadocia, with great success for twentyseven years, until the Emperor Constantine Pogonatus (668— 685) sent an officer, Symeon, for his arrest and execution. He was stoned to death in 684, and his congregation scattered. But Symeon was struck and converted by the serene courage of Constantine-Sylvanus, revived the congregation, and ruled it under the name of Titus. When Justinian II. heard of it, he condemned him and the other leaders to death by fire (690), according to the laws against the Manichseans.
But in spite of repeated persecution and inner dissensions, the sect spread throughout Asia Minor. When it decayed, a zealous reformer rose in the person of SERGIUS, called Tychicus, the second founder of the sect (801-835). He had been converted by a woman, visited the old congregations and founded new ones, preached and wrote epistles, opposed the antinomian practices of Baanes, called "the Filthy'7 (b /HJTTOL- />oc), and introduced strict discipline. His followers were called Sergiotes in distinction from the Baanites.
The fate of the sect varied with the policy of the Greek emperors. The iconoclastic Leo the Isaurian did not disturb them, and gave the leader of the sect, Gegnsesius, after a satis factory examination by the patriarch, a letter of protection against persecution ; but the wily heretic had answered the questions in a way that deceived the patriarch. Leo the Arme nian (813—820) organized an expedition for their conversion, pardoning the apostates and executing the constant. Theodora, who restored the worship of images, cruelly persecuted them, and under her short reign one hundred thousand Paulicians were put to death by the sword, the gibbet, or the flames (844). Perhaps this large number included many iconoclasts.