580 FOURTH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
§ 133. The New Manichceans in the West.
I. The chief sources for the sects of the Middle Age belong to the next
period, namely, the letters of Pope Innocent III., Honorius III., Bernhard of Clairvaux, Peter the Venerable; the acts of Coun cils ; the chronicles ; and the special writings against them, chiefly those of the Dominican monk Reinerius Sacchoni of Lombardy (d. 1259), who was himself a heretic for seventeen years. The sources are collected in the "Maxima Biblioth. Patr." (Lugd., 1677, Tom. XXIL, XXIV.) ; inMarteneand Durand's "Thesaurus novus anecdotorum'' (Par., 1682); in Muratori's "Rerum Italic. Scriptores" (Mediol., 1723 sqq.) ; in Bouquet's "Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France" (Par., 1738 sqq.), etc. See the Lit. in Hahn I. 23 sqq.
II. J. CONR. FUESSLIN : Neue unparth. Kirchen-und Ketzerhistorie der mittleren Zeit. Frankf., 1770. 2 Parts.
CHR. U. HAHN: Geschichte der Ketzer im Mittelalter, besonders im 11., 12. und 13. Jahrh., nach den Quellen bearbeitet. Stuttgart, 1845-'50, 3 vols. The first vol. contains the History of the New Manichaaans.
C. SCHMIDT : Histoire et doctrine de la secte des Cathares. Paris, 1849, 2 vols.
RAZKI : Bogomili i Catareni. Agram, 1869.
NEANDER, III. 592-606. GIESELER, II. 234-239. HARDWICK, p. 187- 190. ROBERTSON, II. 417-424.
The heretical sects in the West are chiefly of three distinct classes: 1) the dualistic or Manichsean; 2) the pantheistic and mystic; 3) the biblical (the Waldenses). Widely differing among themselves, they were united in hatred of the papal church and the sacerdotal system. They arose from various causes: the remains of heathen notions and older heresies; op position to the corruptions of the church and the clergy; the revolt of reason against tyrannical authority; and popular thirst for the word of God. They spread with astonishing rapidity during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries from Bulgaria to Spain, especially through Italy and Southern France, and called forth all the energies of the papacy at the zenith of its power (under Innocent III.) for their forcible suppression. One only survived the crusade, the Waldenses, owing to their faithful adherence to the positive truths of the Scriptures.
2 133. THE NEW MANICH JEANS IN THE WEST. 581
In the West the heretical tendency in organized form made its first appearance during the eleventh century, when the cor ruption of the church and the papacy had reached its height It appeared to that age as a continuation or revival of the Mauichacaii heresy.1 The connecting link is the dualistic prin ciple. The old Manichscans were never quite extirpated with fire and sword, but continued secretly in Italy and France, waiting for a favorable opportunity to emerge from obscurity. Nor must we overlook the influence from the East. Paulicians were often transported under Byzantine standards from Thrace and Bulgaria to the Greek provinces of Italy and Sicily, and spread the seed of their dualism and docetism and hatred of the ruling church.2
New Manichoeans were first discovered in Aquitania and Or leans, in 1022, in Arras, 1025, in Monteforte near Turin, 1030, in Goslar, 1025. They taught a dualistic antagonism between God and matter, a docetic view of the humanity of Christ, op posed the worship of saints and images, and rejected the whole Catholic church with all the material means of grace, for which they substituted a spiritual baptism, a spiritual eucharist, and a symbol of initiation by the imposition of hands. Some resolved the life of Christ into a myth or symbol of the divine life in every man. They generally observed an austere code of morals, ab stained from marriage, animal food, and intoxicating drinks. A pallid, emaciated face was regarded by the people as a sign of he resy. The adherents of the sect were common people, but among their leaders were priests, sometimes in disguise. One of them, Dieudonne", precentor of the church in Orleans, died a Catholic;
1 Other names, however, were invented to distinguish the different branches which were compared to foxes with tails tied together. In the time of Inno cent III., more than forty heretical names were used, about twelve of them for the Manichaean branch, chiefly " Manichaeans," " Catharists," and "Patareni." See Hahn, I. 49 sqq.
5 On the different derivations see the notes of Gieseler, II. 234 sq., and Hahn, I. 30 sqq.