582 FOURTH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
but when three years after his death his connection with the heretics was discovered, his bones were dug up and removed from consecrated ground.
The Oriental fashion of persecuting dissenters by the faggot t and the sword was imitated in the West. The fanatical fury of the people supported the priests in their intolerance. Thirteen New Manichseans were condemned to the stake at Orleans in 1022. Similar executions occurred in other places. At Milan the heretics were left the choice either to bow before the cross, or to die; but the majority plunged into the flames.
A few men rose above the persecuting spirit of the age, fol lowing the example of St. Martin of Tours, who had vigorously protested against the execution of the Priscillianists at Treves. Wazo, bishop of Liege, about 1047, raised his voice for tolera tion when he was asked for his opinion concerning the treat ment of the heretics in the diocese of Chalons-sur-Marne. Such doctrines, he said, must be condemned as unchristian; but we are bound to bear with the teachers after the example of our Saviour, who was meek and humble and came not to strive, but rather to endure shame and the death of the cross. The parable of the wheat and the tares teaches us to wait patiently for the repentance of erring neighbors. "We bishops," he tells his fellow-bishops, "should remember that we did not receive, at our ordination, the sword of secular power, the vocation to slay, but only the vocation to make alive." All they had to do was to exclude obstinate heretics from the communion of the church and to guard others against their dangerous doctrines.1
1 Neander, III. 605 sq. ; Gieseler, II. 239, note.
$ 134. LITERATURE. 583
CHAPTER XIII.
THE STATE OF LEARNING.
§ 134. Literature. Comp. the list of works in vol. II. 621 sqq.
I. The ecclesiastical writers of this period are collected for the first time
by MIGNE, the Greek in his Patrologia Grwca, Tom. 90 (Maximua Confessor) to 13G (Eustathius) ; the Latin in his Patrologia Latina, Tom. C9 (Cassiodorus) and 75 (Gregory I.) to 148 (Gregory VII.).
II. General works : Du PIN, CEILLIER, and CAVE, and the bibliographi
cal works of FABRICIUS (Biblioth. Grceca, and Bibl. Latina} ; espe cially the Hlstoire Generate des auteurs sacre's ecclesiastiqucs by the Benedictine Doni REMY CEILLIER (1G88-1761), first eel., 1729-63, in 23 vols. ; revised ed. by Abbe Bauzon, Paris, 1857-'62, in 14 vols. 4to. This ed. comes down to St. Bernard and Peter the Lombard. Tom. XL, XII. and XIII. cover the 6th century to the llth.
A. H. L. HF.EREN (Prof, in Gottingen): Geschichte der classischen Literatur im Mittelalter. Gottingen, 1822. 2 Parts. The first part goes from the beginning of the Middle Age to the 15th century.
HENRY HALLAM: /State of Europe in the Middle Ages. Ch. IX. (New York ed. of 1880, vol. III. 254 sqq.); and his Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, IQth and 17th Centuries. Part I., Ch. 1 (N. York ed. of 1880, vol. L, p. 25-103).
HERMANN REUTER : Geschichte der r'elig. Aufkldrung im Mittelalter. Berlin, 1875, 2 vols.
III. Special works.
(1) Learning and Literature in the East: LEO ALLATIUS: Gratcice, ortho doxy Scriptores. Rom., 1652-'59, 2 vols. The Byzantine Historians, ed. by NIEBUHR and others, Gr. and Lat. Bonn, 1828-78, 50 vols., 8vo. Monographs on Photius, especially HERGENROTHER (the third volume), and on John of Damascus by LANGEN (1879), etc.; in part also GASS: Symbolik der gnech. Kirche (1872).
(2) Literature in the Latin church: JOHANN CHRIST. FELIX BAHR:
Geschichte der romischen Literatur. Carlsruhe, 1836 sqq. ; 4th revised ed., 1868-72, 4 vols. The 4th vol. embraces the Christian Roman lite rature to the age of Charlemagne. This formerly appeared in three supplementary vols., 1836, 1837 and 1840, the third under the title: Gesch. der rom. Lit. im karolingischen Zeitalter (619 pages). — WlL- HELM S. TEUFFEL: Geschichte der romischen Literatur, Leipzig, 1870, 4th ed. edited by L. Schwabe, 1882. Closes with the middle of the eighth century. ADOLPH EBERT : Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abendlande. Leipzig, 1874-'80, 2 vols.