2 161. THEODULPH OF ORLEANS. 695
Diapanbcci. But persuaded by Hildebald he became the first bishop of Minister (c. 20). The year of this event is unknown, but it was between 802 and 805. ! Tireless in his activity he died in the harness On Sunday, March 26, 809, he preached and performed mass at Coesfeld and at Billerbeck. In the evening he died (Acta II. c. 7). He was buried at Werden, which thus became a shrine of pilgrims.
The only extant writing of Liudger is his Life of St. Gregory,2 which gives a pleasing picture of the saint, in whose school at Utrecht many famous men, including bishops, were trained. Twelve of its twenty-two chapters are taken up with Boniface. Much of the matter is legendary. He also wrote a life of Albric,3 which is lost. His connection with Helmstedt is purely imaginary. The Liudger monastery there was not founded by him, for it dates from the tenth century. The colony of monks may, however, have well come from Werden, and have therefore given the name Liudger to the monastery.
§ 161. Theodulph of Orleans.
I. TPIEODULPH, Aurelianensis episcopus: Opera ojnnia, in Migne, Tom.
CV. col. 187-380. His Carmina are m Diiiuinler's Poetce Lat. cev. Car. I. 2. pp. 437-581, Gi)(J, 030.
II. L. BAUXARD: Theodulfe, Orleans, 1SGO. RZEHULKA: T/icodutf, Bres-
lau, 1875 (Dissertation). Cf. the general works, MABILLON : Analccta, Paris, 1675. Tom. I. pp. 386 sqq. ; TiRABOSCHl : Historia ddla letteratura italiana, new ed. Florence. 1805-13, 20 parts, III. 1. pp. 196- 205 (particularly valuable for its investigation of the obscure points of Theodulph's life). Du Fix, VI. 124; Hist. lit. de la France, IV. 459-474; CEILLIER, XII. 262-271 ; BAHR, 91-95, 359, 360; EBERT, II. 70-84.
THEODULPH, bishop of Orleans, one of the most useful churchmen of the Carolingian period, was probably born in
construere monachorum, quod ita postea Domino opitulante concessum est in loco qui vocatur Vuerthina.
1 A document of Jan., 802, calls him *' abbott," and one of April 23, 805, calls him " bishop."
2 Vita S. Gregorii, Migne, /. c. col. 749-770.
3 Vita Altfridi, II. c. 6, Migne, L c. col. 783,1. 4.
696 FOURTH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
Spain,1 past the middle of the eighth century. In 788 he at tracted the notice of Charlemagne, who called him into France and made him abbot of Fleury and of Aignan, both Benedictine monasteries in the diocese of Orleans, and later bishop of Orleans. He stood in high favor with his king and was en trusted with important commissions. He participated in the council of Frankfort (794) ; was made missus dominions2 in 798 ; accompanied Charlemagne to Rome, sat as one of the judges in the investigation of the charges against Leo III. (800) and received from the supreme pontiff the pallium (801).3 He succeeded Alcuin (804) as first theological imperial counsellor. In 809 he sat in the council of Aix la Chapelle and by request of the emperor collected the patristic quotations in defence of the Filioque clause. In 811 he was witness to the emperor's will. Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's son and successor, for a time showed him equal honor and confidence, for instance in appoint ing him to meet Pope Stephen V. when he came to the coronation at Rheims (816). But two years afterwards he was suspected, it would seem without good reason, of complicity in king Ber nard's rebellion, and on Easter 818 was deposed and imprisoned at Angers, in the convent either of St. Aubin or of St. Serge. He stoutly persisted in his declaration of innocence, and in 821 he was released and reinstated, but died 4 on his way back or shortly after his arrival in Orleans, and was buried in Orleans Sept. 19, 821.
Theodulph was an excellent prelate ; faithful, discreet and
1 Curiously enough the word used in his epitaph to express his native land is ambiguous. The line reads: "Protulit hunc Speria, Gallia sed nutriit" (Migne, 1. c. col. 192) ; but Speria (Hesperia) is a poetical term for either Italy or Spain. Cf. Ebert I c. p. 70.
2 7. e. the official dispenser of justice who accompanied the bishop on his visitation, and was particularly charged with the examination of the church buildings. It was a post of great responsibility.
3 On which Alcuin congratulated him (Migne, Patrol Lai. C. col. 391, Mon. Ale., Episl. 166, p. 606).
* It is said he was poisoned by order of the person who had received his see.