I 161. THEODULPH OF ORLEANS. 697
wise. He greatly deplored the ignorance of his clergy and earn estly labored to elevate them. To this end he established many schools, and also wrote the Capitula ad presbyteros parochice SUCB mentioned below. In this work he was particularly suc cessful. The episcopal school of Orleans was famous for the number, beauty and accuracy of the MSS. it produced. In his educational work he enjoyed the assistance of the accom plished poet Wulfin. Theodulph was himself a scholar, well read both in secular and religious literature.1 He had also a taste for architecture, and restored many convents and churches and built the splendid basilica at Germigny, which was modelled after that at Aix la Chapelle. His love for the Bible comes out not only in the revision of the Vulgate he had made, and practically in his exhortation to his clergy to expound it, but also in those costly copies of the Bible which are such master pieces of calligraphy.2 He was moreover the first poet of his day, which however is not equivalent to saying that he had much genius. His productions, especially his didactic poems, are highly praised and prized for their pictures of the times, rather than for their poetical power. From one of his minor poems the interesting fact comes out that he had been married and had a daughter called Gisla, who was the wife of a certain Suavaric.3
The extant prose works of Theodulph are : 1. Directions to the priests of his .diocese,* written in 797. They are forty-six in
1 Cf. Carmina, IV. i. (Migne, I. c. col. 331), in which he names his favorite authors. Alcuin proposed him to Charlemagne as competent to refute Felix the Adoptionist. Cf. Alcuin, Epistoke, LXXXIV. (Migne, Patrol. Lat. C. col. 276).
2 Leopold Delisle, Les bibles de Theodidfe, Paris, 1879. Cf. Herzog2 VIII. 449.
3 Carmina, III. 4 (Migne, CV. col. 326). Her husband's name is given thus: " Suaveque, Gisla, tuo feliciter utere rico," 1. 29. The occasion of the poem was Theodulph's presentation to her of a beautifully illuminated psalter.
* Capitula ad presbyteros parochios suce, Migne, CV. col. 191-208.
698 FOUETH PEEIOD. A. D. 590-1049."
number and relate to the general and special duties of priests. The following are some of the more instructive directions : Women must not approach tAe altar during the celebration of mass (c. 6). Nothing may be kept in the churches except holy things (c. 8). No one save priests and unusually holy laity may be buried in churches (c. 9). No woman is allowed to live in the house with a priest (c. 12). Priests must not get drank or fre quent taverns (c. 13). Priests may send their relatives to monastic schools (c. 19). They may keep schools themselves in which free instruction is given (c. 20). They must teach everybody the Lord's Prayer and the Apostles' Creed (c. 22). No work must be done on the Lord's Day (c. 24). Priests are exhorted to pre pare themselves to preach (c. 28). Daily, honest confession of sins to God ensures pardon • but confession to a priest is also enjoined in order that through his counsels and prayers the stain of sin may be removed (c. 30). True charity consists in the union of good deeds and a virtuous life (c. 34). Merchants should not sell their souls for filthy lucre (c. 35). Kegulations respecting fasting (c. 36-43). All should come to church to celebrate mass and hear the preaching, and no one should eat before communicating (c. 46). 2. To the same, a treatise upon sins and their ecclesiastical punishment ; and upon the admin istration of extreme unction.1 3. The Holy Spirit.2 The collec tion of patristic passages in defense of the Filioque, made by order of Charlemagne (809), as mentioned above. It has a metrical dedication to the emperor. 4. The ceremony of baptism,3 written in 812 in response to Charlemagne's circular letter on baptism which Magnus, archbishop of Sens (801-818), had for warded to him. It consists of eighteen chapters, which minutely describe all the steps in the ceremony of baptism. 5. Fragments of two sermons.11
1 Capitular e ad eosdem, ibid. col. 207- 224.
2 De Spiritu Sancto, ibid. col. 239-276.
8 De ordine baptismi ad Magnum Senonensem libri, ibid. col. 223-240. *Fragmenta sermonum duorum, ibid. col. 275-282.