FRQM THE LIBR&RY OF
TRINITY COLLEGE
TOROJ^O
Replacement from The Leonard Library Wycliffe College
HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH By PHILIP SCHAFF. D.D.. LL.D.
Vol. I. Apostolic Christianity, A.D. 1 - 1 00. 8vo, $4.00
Vol. II. Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325.
8vo $4.00
Vol. III. Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity,
A.D. 311-600. 8vo, . . . $4.00
Vol. IV. Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073,
8vo $4.00
Vol. V. Parti. The Middle Ages. By David S.
Schaff. D.D. 8vo, . . .net $3.25 Postage additional
Vol. V. Part II. The Middle Ages. By David S. Schaff. D.D. (In Frew.) .
Vol. VI. Modern Christianity— The German Refor mation. 8vo $4.00
Vol. VII. The Swiss Reformation. 8vo, $4.00
HISTORY
OF THE
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
BY
PHILIP SCHAFF
Christianus sum. Christiani nihil a me alienum puto VOLUME V. PART I
THE MIDDLE AGES
FROM GREGORY VII., 1049, TO BONIFACE VIIL, 1294
BY
DAVID S. SCHAFF, D.D.
PROFESSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY IN THE WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, ALLEGHENY
\O
COLLEGE
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
4- r
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i /
COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY CHARLES SCRIBXER'S SONS
PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 1907
<ZTo tfjc
REV. WILLIAM 0. CAMPBELL, D.D.
REV. JAMES H. SNOWDEN, D.D.
REV. JESSE C. BRUCE, D.D.
AND THE OTHER MEMBERS OF THE
BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
THIS VOLUME ON MEDIEVAL CHURCH HISTORY
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
AS A MARK OF APPRECIATION FOR THE HONOR CONFERRED
UPON THE AUTHOR IN HIS ELECTION TO THE
CHAIR OF CHURCH HISTORY, 1903
PREFACE.
IT was the constant hope of Dr. Philip Schaff, the author of the HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, that he might live to finish the treatment of the Middle Ages, to which he had devoted one volume, covering the years 600-1050. He frequently said, during the last years of his life, "If I am able to accomplish this, my HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH will be measurably complete and I will be satisfied then to stop." He entered upon the task and had completed his studies on the pontificates of Gregory VII. and Alexander III., when his pen was laid aside and death overtook him, Oct. 20, 1893. The two volumes found lying open on his study table, as he had left them the day before, Jeremy Taylor's HOLY LIVING AND HOLY DYING and a volume of Ilurter's LIFE OF INNOCENT III., showed the nature of his thoughts in his last hours.
Dr. Schaff's distinction as a writer on Church History dated from the year 1851 when his HISTORY OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH appeared, first in its original German form, Mercersburg, Pa., pp. xvi, 576, and Leipzig, 1853, and then in English translation, New York and Edin burgh, 1853, 1854. Before that time, he had shown his taste for historical studies in his tract on WHAT is CHURCH HISTORY? translated by Dr. John W. Nevin, Phila., 1846, pp. 128, and the address on the PRIN CIPLE OF PROTESTANTISM, which he delivered at his inauguration as professor in the theological seminary at Mercersburg, 1844. This address was published in its German form and in an English translation by Dr. Nevin, Chambersburg, 1845.
Dr. Schaff continued his publications in this department with the issue of his HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, 1-600, in 2 volumes, N.Y., 1858-1867. In the meantime, his attention had been called to the subjects of biblical literature and exegesis, and his labors resulted in the publication of the American edition of Lange's Commentary in 25 volumes and other works. In 1887 he issued his CREEDS OF CHRISTEN DOM in 3 volumes. Left free to devote himself to the continuation of his HISTORY, which he was inclined to regard as his chief literary work, he found it necessary, in order to keep abreast of the times and to present a fresh treatment, to begin his studies again at the very beginning and con sequently the series, to which this volume belongs, is an independent work written afresh and differing in marked features from its predecessors. For example, the first volume, on the Apostolic age, devotes an extensive treatment to the authorship and dates of the Apostolic writings to which
vii
yiii PREFACE.
scarcely any space was given in the HISTORY OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH of 1851 and the HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH of 1858-1867. The treatment was demanded by the new attitude of scholarship to the questions presented by the Apostolic age.
Dr. Schaff lived to prepare six volumes of this new work, three on early Christianity, one on mediaeval Christianity, and two on the Prot estant Reformation. It is of some interest that Dr. Schaff's last writing was a pamphlet on the Reunion of Christendom, pp. 71, a subject which he treated with warm practical sympathy and with materials furnished by the studies of the historian. The substance of the pamphlet had been used as a paper read before the Parliament of Religions at the Colum bian Exposition, Chicago. It was a great satisfaction to him to have the Faculty of the Berlin University, — where he had spent part of his student life, 1840-1841, and which had conferred on him the doctorate of divinity in 1854, — bear testimony in their congratulatory letter on the semicentennial of his professorial career that his " HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH is the most notable monument of universal histori cal learning produced by the school of Neander " (LiFE OF PHILIP SCHAFF, p. 467).
The further treatment of the Middle Ages, Dr. Schaff left to his son, the author of this volume. It was deemed by him best to begin the work anew, using the materials Dr. Schaff had left as the basis of the first four chapters.
The delay in the issue of the present volume is due chiefly to the requirements of study and in part to the difficulty in getting all the necessary literature. The author has felt unwilling to issue the volume without giving to it as thorough study as it was possible for him to give. This meant that he should familiarize himself not only with the mediaeval writings themselves but with the vast amount of research which has been devoted to the Middle Ages during the last quarter of a century and more. As for the literature, not a little of it has been, until recently, inaccessible to the student in this country. At Lane seminary, where the author was a professor, he found in the library an unusually well selected collection of works on the mediaeval period made fifty years ago by the wise judgment of two of its professors, Calvin E. Stowe and the late George E. Day, who made tours in Europe for the purpose of makingpurchases for its shelves. He also owes a debt to the Rev. Dr. Henry Goodwin Smith, for some time professor in the seminary and its libra rian, for his liberal use of the library funds in supplementing the works in the mediaeval department. In passing, it may be also said that the Cincinnati Public Library, by reason of a large permanent fund given more than a half century ago for the purchase of theological works and by the wise selection of such men as Professor George E. Day, is unusu ally rich in works for the historical student, some of which may perhaps not be duplicated in this country.