6 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1294.
of imposing personalities. The names of the greatest of the popes have been mentioned, Gregory VII., Alexander III., and Innocent III. Its more notable sovereigns were William the Conqueror, Frederick Barbarossa, Frederick II., and St. Louis of France. Dante the poet illumines its last years. St. Bernard, Francis d'Assisi, and Dominic, the Spaniard, rise above a long array of famous monks. In the front rank of its Schoolmen were Anselm, Abelard, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, and Duns Scotus. Thomas a Becket and Grosseteste are prominent representatives of the body of episcopal statesmen. This combination of great figures and of great movements gives to this period a variety of interest such as belongs to few periods of Church history or the history of mankind.
CHAPTER I.
THE HILDEBRANDIAN POPES. A.D. 1049-1073. § 3. Sources and Literature on Chapters I. and II.
See the general literature on the papacy in vol. IV. 202 sqq.; and the list of mediaeval popes, 205 sqq.
I. SOURCES FOR THE WHOLE PERIOD FROM 1049 TO 1085 : —
MIGNE : Patrol. Lat., vols. 140-148. — DAMIANI : Epistolce, in Migne, vol. 144. — BONIZO or BONITHO (Bishop of Sutri, 1091 ; prisoner of Henry IV., 1082; a great admirer of Gregory VII.): Liber ad amicum, sive de perse cutions ecclesice (in Jaffa's Monum. Gregor., p. 628 sqq., where he is charged with falsehood; but see Giesebrecht and Hefele, IV. 707). — PHIL. JAFFE (d. 1870): Regesta Pontif. Horn., pp. 366-443, 2d ed. I. 529-649. — JAFFE : Monumenta Gregoriana (see below). — K. FRANCKE : Libelli de lite imperatorum et Pontificum Sceculi XL et XII. conscripti, 3 vols. Hannov. 1891-1897, contains the tractarian lit. of the Hildebrandian age. On other sources, see WATTENBACH : Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter, II. 220 sqq. and MIRBT : Publizistik, 6-95.
II. WORKS ON THE WHOLE PERIOD FROM 1049 TO 1085 : —
HO'FLER: Deutsche Pdpste, Regensb., 1839 sqq., 3 vols. — C. WILL: Anfdnge der Restanration der Kirche im llten Jahrh., Marburg, 1859-1862, 2 parts.
— THS. GREENWOOD: Cathedra Petri, books X. and XI. London, 1861.
— GIESEBRECHT : Gesch. der deutschen Kaizerzeit, vols. II. and III. (Braunschweig, 5th ed. 1881). — RUD. BAXMANN : Die Politik der Pcipste von Gregor I. bis auf Gregor VII., Elberfeld, 1868, 1869. 2 vols. vol. II. 186-434. — WATTENBACH : Geschichte des rom. Papstthums, Berlin, 1876 (pp. 97-136). — GREGOROVIUS : Hist, of the City of Rome. — HEFELE : Conciliengeschichte, IV. 716-900, and V. 1-185. — L. v. RANKE : Weltgeschichte, vol. VII. — BRYCE : Holy Roman Empire. — FREEMAN : Hist, of Norman Conq. of England, vol. IV. Oxford, 1871, and Hist, of Sicily. — F. NEUKIRCH: Das Leben des Petrus Damiani bis 1059, Gott., 1875.— J. LANGEN: Geschichte der rom. Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocent III., Bonn, 1893. — HAITCK : Kirche ngeschichte Deutschlands, vols. III. IV. — W. F. BARRY : The Papal Monarchy from 590-1303, N. Y. 1902.
8 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1049-1073.
III. SPECIAL SOURCES AND WORKS ON HILDEBRAND : —
His letters (350), the so-called Rcgivtrum, in MIGNE, vol. 148, MANSI, XX. 60-3!) 1, and best in JAFFE, Monumenta Gregor iana, Berol., 1865, 712 pp. (in u Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum," vol. II.). The first critical edition. Jaffa" gives the Registrum in eight books, with fifty-one addi tional letters collected from MSS., and Bonithonis episcopi Sutrini ad amicum. Gregory's biographies by Cardinal Petrus of Pisa, Bernried, Amalric, Lambert, etc., in MURATORI : Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. III.; and WATTERICH : Pont if. Rom. Vitce, Lips., 1862, I. 293 sqq. ; Acta Sanct. Mail, die 25, VI. 102-159.
Modern works : Jon. VOIGT (Prof, of Hist, in Kbnigsberg, d. 1863): Hildebrand als Papst Gregorius VII. und sein Zeitalter, 1815, 2d ed. Weimar, 1846, pp. 625. The first attempt at an impartial estimate of Gregory from the Protestant historical standpoint. The first edition was trans lated into French and Italian, and gave rise to a remarkable Latin corre spondence with Clemens Villecourt, bishop of La Rochelle, which is printed in the preface to the second edition. The bishop tried to convert Voigt to the Catholic Church, but in vain. — SIR ROGER GREISLY: The Life and Pontificate of Gregory VII. , London, 1832, pp. 372. Impartial, but unimportant. — J. W. BOWDEN : The Life and Pon tificate of Gregory VIL London, 1840, 2 vols. pp. 374 and 411. — CARD. NEWMAN: Hist. Essays, II. 249-336. — SIR JAMES STEPHEN : Hildebrand, in "Essays on Ecclesiastical Biography," 1849, 4th ed. London, 1860, pp. 1-58. He calls " Hildebrand the very impersonation of papal arro gance and of spiritual despotism." — SOLTL : Gregor VII., Leipzig, 1847. — FLOTO : Kaiser Heinrich IV. und sein Zeitalter. Stuttg., 1855, 1856, 2 vols. Sides with Henry IV. — HELFENSTEIN : Gregor VII. Bestrebungen nach den Streitschriften seiner Zeit., Frankfurt, 1856. — A. F. GFRORER (first a rationalist, then a convert to Rome, 1853 ; d. 1861): Papst Greg. VII. und sein Zeitalter. 1 vols. Schaffhausen, 1859-1861. — GIESEBRECHT : I.e., vol. III. — A. F. VILLEMAIN: Hist, de Gregoire VIL 2 vols. Paris, 1873. Engl. trans, by J. B. Brockley, 2 vols. London, 1874. — S. BARING-GOULD, in " The Lives of the Saints" for May 25, London, 1873. —W. MARTENS: Die Besetzung des pdpstlichen Stuhls unter den Kaiser n Heinrich III. und Heinrich IV. 1887; * Gregor VIL, sein Leben und Wirken, 2 vols. Leipzig, 1894. —W. R. W. STEPHENS: Hildebrand and his Times, London, 1888. — 0. DELARC: S. Gregoire VIL et la reforme de Teglise au XL siecle, 3 vols. Paris, 1889. — C. MIRP.T (Prof, in Marburg) : Die Stellung Augustins in der Publizistik des Gregorianischen Kirchenstreits, Leipzig, 1888. Shows the influence of St. Augustine on both parties in the Grego rian controversy over the relation of Church and State ; Die Wahl Gregors VIL, Marburg, 1892; * Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VIL, Leipzig, 1894, pp. 629. An exhaustive treatment of the copious tractarian lit. of the Hildebrandian age and its attitude on the various objects of Gregory's policy ; art. Gregor VIL, in Herzog, VII. 96-113.— MARVIN R. VINCENT : The Age of Hildebrand, N. Y. 1896. — Also J. GREYING : Paul von Bernrietfs Vita GregoriiVIL, Berlin, 1893, pp. 172.