554 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1294-1517.
completely free from the government of the Mohammedan. The renown of her regiments was soon to be unequalled, Spanish ships opened the highways of the sea and returned from the New World freighted with its wealth. Spanish diplomacy was in the ascendant in Italy, But the decay of her vital forces her religious zeal did not check. Spain's Catholic orthodoxy was assured, but Spain placed herself outside the current of modern culture and progress. By her policy of religious seclusion and pride, she crushed independence of thought and virility of moral purpose. One by one, she lost her territorial acquisitions, from the Netherlands and Sicily to Cuba and the Philippines in the far Pacific. Heresy she consumed inside of her own precincts, but the paralysis of stagnation settled down upon her national life and institutions, and peoples professing Protestantism, which she still calls heresy, long since have taken her crown in the world of commerce and culture, invention and nautical enterprise. The present map of the world has faint traces of that empire on which it was the boast of the Spaniard of the 16th century that the sun never set. This reduction of territory and resources calls forth no spirit of denunciation. Nay, it attracts a sympathetic consideration which hopes for the renewed greatness of the land of Ferdinand and Isabella, through the introduction of tliat intellectual and religious freedom which has stirred the energies of other European peoples and kept them in the path of progress and new achievement.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE KENAISSANCE.
§ 61. Literature of the Renaissance.
For an extended list of literature, see Voigt : Wiederbelehung des class. Alterthums, II. 517-529, bringing it down to 1881, and Pastor: Gesch. der Pdpste, I., pp. xxxii-lxiii, III., pp. xlii-lxix. Also this vol., pp. 400 sqq. Geiger adds lit. notices to his Renaissance und Humanismus, pp. 564 sqq. The edd. of most of the Humanists are given in the footnotes. — M. Whitcomb : A Lit. Source-Book of the Ital. lienaiss., Phila., 1898, pp. 118.
Genl. Works. — * G. Tiraboschi, a Jesuit and librarian of the duke of Modena, d. 1794 : Storia della Letteratura Italiana, 13 vols., Modena, 1771- 1782; 9 vols., Roma, 1782-1785; 16 vols., Milan, 1822-1826. Vol. V. of the Roman ed. treats of Dante, Petrarca and Boccaccio. — Heeren : Gesch. d. class. Lit., etc., 2 vols.. Getting., 1797-1802. — Roscoe: Life of Lorenzo de' Medici and Life and Pontificate of Leo X. — J. Ch. L. Sismondi, d. 1842: Hist, des Bepuhliques Ital., Paris, 1807-1818, 5th ed., 10 vols., 1840-1844. Engl, trsl., Lond., 1832, and Hist, de la renaiss. de la liberte en Italie, 2 vols., 1832. — J. MiCHELET, d. 1874: Renaissance, the 7th vol. of his Hist, de France, Paris, 1867. — * J. Burckhardt, Prof. In Basel, d. 1897: Die Cnltur der Renaissance in Itnlien, Basel, 1860 ; 3rd ed. by L. Geiger, 1878. 9th ed., 1904. A series of philosophico-historical sketches on the six aspects of the Italian Renaissance, namely, the new conception of the state, the development of the individual, the revival of classic antiquity, the discovery of the world and of man, the new formation of society and the transformation of morals and religion. Engl. trsl. by Middlemore from the 3rd ed., 2 vols., Lond., 1878, 1 vol., 1890. Also his Cicerone; Anleitung zum Genuss der Kunstwerke Ital., 4th ed. by Bode, Leipz., 1879 ; 9th ed., 2 vols., 1907. — * G. VoiGT : Wiederbelehung des classischen Alterthums oder das erste Jahrhundert des Humanismus, 1859; 2 vols., 3rd ed., 1893. — T. D. Woolsky, Pres. of Yale Col., d. 1889 : The Revival of Letters in the 14th and 15th Centuries. A series of valuable articles in the line of Voigt's first ed., in the New Englander for 1864 and 1865. — M. Monnier : La Renaiss. de Dante a Luther, Paris, 1884. Crowned by the French Acad. — * P. Villari : A^ic. Machiavelli e i suoi tempi, 3 vols., Flor., 1877-1882 ; Engl. trsl. by the author's wife, 4 vol., Lond., 1878-1883. An introd. chap, on the Renaiss. New ed. , 2 vols. 1891. — J. A. Symonds : Renaissance in Italy, Lond., 1877 sqq.; 2d, cheaper ed., 7 vols., 1888. Part I., The Age of the Despots; Part II., The Revival of Learning; Part III. , The Fine Arts ; Part IV., Ital. Literature, 2 vols. ;