§ 62. THE INTELLECTUAL AWAKENING. 559
lenschriften zur Gesch. d. deutschsprachl. Unterrichts bis zur Mitte d. 16. Jahrh., Gotha, 1882.
For Ulrich von Hutten: E. Booking : Ulrichi Hutteni opp., 7 vols., Leipz., 1859-1870. — S. SzAMATOLSKi: Huttens deutsche Schriften, 1891. — D. F. Strauss, author of the Life of Jesus : U. von Hutten, 3 vols., Leipz., 1858, 1 vol., 1871, Engl, trsl., Lond., 1874. Also Gesprdche von U. von Hut., the Epp. ohscurorum virorum in German, Leipz., 1800. — J, Deckekt : Ul. v. Hutten''s Leben u. Wirke7i, Vienna, 1901.
For § 70. Imbart de la Tour, Prof, at Bordeaux : L'eglise catholique : la crise et la renaissance, Paris, 1909, being vol. II. of Les origines de la reforme, vol. I., La France moderne, 1905. To be completed in 4 vols. — ScHMiD : Gesch. d. Erziehung, II., 40 sqq. — H. M. Baird : Hist, of the Huguenots, I. 1-164. ^-Bonet Maury, art. Faber in Herzog, V. 715 sqq.
— Works on the Univ. of Paris and French Lit. : H. van Laun : Hist, of French Lit., 3 vols, in one, N.Y., 1895, pp. 259-296.— The Histt. of France by Martin and Guizot.
For § 71. — F. Seebohm : The Oxford Beformers, Colet, Erasmus, More, Lond., 1887. — Colet's writings ed. with trsl. and notes by Lupton, 5 vols., Lond., 1867-1876. — iiyes of Colet, by S. Knight, 1823. — J. H. Lupton: Life of Dean Colet, Lond., 1887, new ed., 1908. — Artt. in Diet. Natl. Biogr., Colet, Fisher, etc. — Histt. of Engl, by Lingard and Green. — Histt. of the Engl. Ch. by Gairdner and by Capes. — Ward- Waller: Cambr. Hist, of Engl. Lit., vol. III., Carabr., 1909. — H. Morley: E7igl. Writers, vol. VII., 1891. — Mullinger : Hist, of Univ. of Cambridge. — For edd. of Sir Thos. More's Works, see Diet. Natl. Biogr., XXXVIII., 445 sqq. — Lives of More by Roper, written in Mary Tudor's reign, publ. Paris, 1626; Stapleton, Douay, 1588; E. More, a grandson, 1627; T. E. Bridgett, Rom. Cath., 2nd ed., 1892 : W. H. Hutton, 1895. — W. S. Lilly : Senaiss. Types, 1901, III., Erasmus, IV., More. — L. Einstein: The Ital. Benaiss. in England.
— A. D. Innes: Ten Tudor Statesmen, Lond., 1906. More is treated pp. 76-111. — A. F. Leach: Etigl. Schools at the Beformation, Lond., 1896.
— Eng. Works of Bp. J. Fisher, ed. Major, Lond., 1876. — Life of Fisher, by Bridgett, 1888.
§ 62. The Intellectual Awakeyiing.
The discussions, which issued in the Reformatory councils and which those councils fostered, were a worthy expression of an awakening freedom of thought in the effort to secure relief from ecclesiastical abuses. The movement, to which the name Renaissance has been given, was a larger and far more successful effort, achieving freedom from the intellectual bondage to which the individual man had been subjected by jthe theology and hierarchy of the Church. The intelligence of Italy, and indeed of Western Europe as a whole, had grown weary of the monastic ideal of life, and the one-sided purpose
560 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 121)4-1517.
of the scholastic systems to exalt heavenly concerns by ignoring or degrading things terrestrial. The^ Renaissance insistejd upon the rights of the life that now is, and dignified the total sphere for which man's intellect and his aesthetic and social tastes by nature fit him. It sought to give just recognition to man as the proprietor of the earth. It substituted the enlightened observer for the monk; the citizen for the contemplative recluse. It honored human sympathies more than conventual visions and dexterous theological dialectics. It substituted observation for metaphysics. It held forth the achievements of history. It called man to admire his own creations, the masterpieces of classical literature and the monuments of art. It bade him explore the works of nature and delight himself in their excellency. How different from the apparent or real indifference to the beauties of the natural world as shown, for example, by the monk, St. Bernard, was the attitude of Leon Battista Alberti, d. 1472, who bore testimony that the sight of a lovely landscape had more than once made him well of sickness.^
Injjiajiariower sense, the Renaissance may be confined ^o the recovery of tKeculture of (ireece and ^Ronie and the revival of polite literature and ar-t,an4.-il_ia_some times designated the Revival of Letters. After having been taught for centuries that the literature of classic antiquity was full of snares and dangers for a Christian public, men opened their eyes and revelled with childlike delight in the discovery of ancient authors and history. Virgil sang again the j^neid^ Homer the Iliad and Odyssey. Cicero once more delivered his orations and Plato taught his philosophy. It was indeed an intellectual and artistic new birth that burst forth in Italy, a regeneration, as the word Renaissance means. But it was more. It was a revolt against monastic asceticism and scholasticism, the systems which cramped the free flow of bodily enthusiasm and intellectual inquiry.^ It called man from
^ Geiger-Burckhardt, I. 152.
2 Along this line, see the strong remarks of Owen, pp. 72-96. This vigorous writer traces the roots of the Renaissance back to the liberating influence of the Crusades on the intelligence of Europe.