§ 3. SWISS REFORMATION COMPARED WITH GERMAN. 11
passive obedience in politics, and brought the Church under bondage to the civil authority.
All the evangelical divines and rulers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were inconsistently intolerant in theory and practice ; but the Reformation, which was a revolt against papal tyranny and a mighty act of emancipation, led ultimately to the triumph of religious freedom as its legitimate fruit.
The Reformed Church does not bear the name of any man, and is not controlled by a towering personality, but assumed different types under the moulding influence of Zwingli and BuUinger in Zurich, of Qj^colampadius in Basle, of Haller in Berne, of Calvin and Beza in Geneva, of Ursinus and Olevianus in the Palatinate, of Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley in England, of Knox in Scotland. The Lutheran Church, as the very name indicates, has the stamp of Luther indelibly impressed upon it ; although the milder and more liberal Melanchthonian tendency has in it a legitimate place of honor and power, and manifests itself in all progressive and unionistic movements as those of Calixtus, of Spener, and of the moderate Lutheran schools of our age.
Calvinism has made a stronger impression on the Latin and Anglo-Saxon races than on the German ; while Lutheranism is essentially German, and undergoes more or less change in other countries.
Calvin aimed at a reformation of discipline as well as theology, and established a model theocracy in Geneva, which lasted for several generations. Luther contented himself with a reformation of faith and doctrine, leaving the practical consequences to time, but bitterly lamented the Antinomian disorder and abuse which for a time threatened to neutralize his labors in Saxony.
The Swiss Reformers reduced worship to the utmost simplicity and naked spirituality, and made its effect for kindling or chilling devotion to depend upon the personal
12 THE SWISS KEFOEMATION.
piety and intellectual effort of the minister and the merits of his sermons and prayers. Luther, who was a poet and a musician, left larger scope for the testhetic and artistic element ; and his Church developed a rich liturgical and hymnological literature. Congregational singing, however, flourishes in both denominations ; and the Anglican Church produced the best liturgy, which has kept its place to this day, with increasing popularity.
The Reformed Church excels in self-discipline, liberality, energy, and enterprise ; it carries the gospel to all heathen lands and new colonies ; it builds up a God-fearing, manlj^, independent, heroic type of character, such as we find among the French Huguenots, the English Puritans, the Scotch Covenanters, the Waldenses in Piedmont; and sent in times of persecution a noble army of martyrs to the prison and the stake. The Lutheran Church cultivates a hearty, trustful, inward, mystic style of piety, the science of theology, biblical and historical research, and wrestles with the deepest prol> lems of philosophy and religion.
God has wisely distributed his gifts, with abundant opportunities for their exercise in the building up of his kingdom.
§ 4. Literature on the Swiss Reformation.
Compare the literature on the Eeformation in general, vol. VI. 89-93, and the German Reformation, pp. 94-97. The literature on the Reformation in French Switzerland will be given in a later chapter (pp. 223 sqq.).
The largest collection of the Reformation literature of German Switzerland is in the Stadtbibliothek (in the Wasserkirche) and in the Cantonalbibliotkek of Ziirich. The former includes the 200 vols, of the valuable MSS. collection of SiMLER (d. 1788), and the Thesaurus Hottingerianus. I examined these libraries in August, 188G, with the kind aid of Profs. O. F. Fritsche, Alex. Schweizer, Georg von Wyss, and Dr. Escher, and again in July, 1890.
For lists of books on Swiss history in general consult the following works : Gottlieb Emanuel von Haller: Bibliotliek der Schweizer-Geschichte und aller Theile, so daliln Bezug haben (Bern, 1785-'88, 7 vols.) ; with the continuations of Gerold Meyer von Knonau (from 1840-'45, Ziir., 1850) and Ludwig von Sinner (from 1786-1851, Bern and Ziirich, 1851). The Catalog der Stadtbibliothek in Ziirich (Zurich, 18G4-'()7, 4 Bde, much enlarged in the written cata-