THE SWISS REFOKMATIOX.
a cheerful, fresh and energetic people ; and these traits we find in Zwingli.^ The Reformation was introduced there in 1523. Not very far distant are the places where Zwingli spent his public life, — Glarus, Einsiedeln, and Zurich.
The House wheke Zwingli was born at Wildhaus in Toggenburg. (From Schuler's H. Zwingli.')
Zwingli was educated in the Catholic religion by his Godfearing parents, and by his uncle, the dean of Wesen, who favored the new humanistic learning. He grew up a healthy, vigorous boy. He had at a very early age a tender sense of veracity as "the mother of all virtues," and, like young Washington, he would never tell a lie.
When ten years of age he was sent from Wesen to a Latin school at Basle, and soon excelled in the three chief branches taught there, — Latin grammar, music and dialectics.
1 Morikof er (I. 4) : " Zwingli erinnert in seinem Wesen immer ivieder an seine hohe, helle Heimath ; ivir hahen stets den in frisclier Berghtfl gestarkten und gesliihlten Alpensohn vor wis."
§ 6. ZWINGLI'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 28
In 1498 he entered a college at Berne under the charge of Heinrich Wolflin (Liipulus), who Avas reputed to be the best classical scholar and Latin poet in S\vitzerland, and followed the reform movement in 1522.^
From 1500 to 1502 he studied in the University of Vienna, which had become a centre of classical learning by the labors of distinguished humanists, Corvinus, Celtes, and Cuspinian, under the patronage of the Emperor Maximilian I.^ He studied scholastic philosophy, astronomy, and physics, but chiefly the ancient classics. He became an enthusiast for the humanities. He also cultivated his talent for music. He played on several instruments — the lute, harp, violin, flute, dulcimer, and hunting-horn — with considerable skill. His papal opponents sneeringly called him afterwards "the evangelical lute-player, piper, and whistler." He regarded this innocent amusement as a means to refresh the mind and to soften the temper. In his poetical and musical taste he resembles Luther, without reaching his eminence.
In 1502 he returned to Basle, taught Latin in the school of St. Martin, pursued his classical studies, and acquired the degree of master of arts in 1506 ; hence he was usually called Master Ulrich. He never became a doctor of divinity, like Luther. In Basle he made the acquaintance of Leo Jud (Judse, also called Master Leu), who was graduated with him and became his chief co-laborer in Zurich. Both attended with much benefit the lectures of Thomas Wyttenbach, professor of theology since 1505. Zwingli calls him his beloved and faithful teacher, who opened his eyes to several abuses of the Church, especially the indulgences, and taught
^ Lupulus was deposed from his canonry for marrying in 1524, but reinstated after the introduction of the Reformation. " Dass Lnpidus eine uneheliche Tochter hatte (before his marriage), wurde ihm leicht rcrziehen." Mcirikofer, I. 7. He lamented Zwingli's early death in a Latin epitaph in verse.
2 There is no evidence that he became acquainted in Vienna with Eck and Faber, the famous champions of popery, nor with his friends Glareanus and Vadianus. See Horawitz, Der Humanismus in Wien, 1883,
24 THE SWISS REFORMATION.
liim " not to rely on the keys of the Church, but to seek the remission of sins alone in the death of Christ, and to open access to it by the key of faith." ^ '
§ 7. Zivingli m Grlarus.
G. Heer : Ulrich Zwingli als Pfarrer in Glartis. Zurich, 1884.
Zwingli was ordained to the priesthood by the bishop of Constance, and appointed pastor of Glarus, the capital of the canton of the same name.^ He had to pay over one hundred guilders to buy off a rival candidate (Goldli of Zurich) who was favored by the Pope, and compensated by a papal pension. He preached his first sermon in Rapperschwyl, and read his first mass at Wildhaus. He labored at Glarus ten years, from 1506 to 1516. His time was occupied by preaching, teaching, pastoral duties, and systematic study. He began to learn the Greek language " Avithout a teacher," ^ that he might study the New Testament in the original.^ He acquired considerable facility in Greek. The Hebrew language he studied at a later period in Zurich, but Avith less zeal and success. He read with great enthusiasm the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers, poets, orators, and historians. He speaks in terms of admiration of Homer, Pindar, Demosthenes, Cicero, Livy, Csesar, Seneca, Pliny, Tacitus, Plutarch. He committed Valerius Maximus to memory for the historical examples. He wrote comments
1 Werke, I. A. 254 ; Opera, III. 544. Leo Jud^e, in the preface to Zwingli's Annotations to the N. T., reports that Zwingli and he derived from Wyttenbach's lectures in 1505 " quidquid nobis fiiit solidce eruditionis."
2 The church in which he preached is jointly occupied by the Roman Catholics and the Protestants, the community being divided. The old church burnt down in 1861, but a new and better one was built on the same spot.
^ "Absque duce," says Myconius, in a letter to Zwingli, Oct. 28, 1518. Opera, VII. 51, 52.
* Zwingli wrote to Joachim Watt from Glarus, Feb. 23, 1513 (Opera, VII. 9) : " Ita enim Greeds studere destinavi ut qui me prceter Deum amoveat, nesciam, non glorice (jquam. nullis in rebus qucerere honeste possetn^ sed sacratissimarum literarum ergo."