§ 23. CHURCH AND STATE. 65
recommended Bullinger, who was twenty years younger. He continued to preach and to teach till his death, and declined several calls to Wurtemberg and Basle. He advocated strict discipline and a separation of religion from politics. He had a melodious voice, and was a singer, musician, and poet, but excelled chiefly as a translator into German and Latin. ^ He wrote a Latin and two German catechisms, and translated Thomas a Kempis' Imitatio Christie Augustin's De Spiritu et Litera^ the first Helvetic Confession, and other useful books into German, besides portions of the Bible. He prepared also a much esteemed Latin version of the Old Testament, which is considered his best work. He often consulted in it his colleagues and Michael Adam, a converted Jew. He did not live to see the completion, and left this to Bibliander and Pellican. It appeared in a handsome folio edition, 1543, Avith a preface by Pellican, and was several times reprinted.^ He lived on a miserable salary with a large family, and yet helped to support the poor and entertained strangers, aided by his industrious and pious wife, known in Zurich as " Mutter Leuin." Four days before his death, June 19, 1542, he summoned his colleagues to his chamber, spoke of his career with great humility and gratitude to God, and recommended to them the care of the church and the completion of his Latin Bible. His death was lamented as a great loss by Bullinger and Calvin and the people of Zurich.'^
§ 23. Ckiireh and State.
The Reformation of Zurich was substantially completed in 1525. It was brought about by the co-operation of the
1 Pellican says of him, "Utilissima fraiistulit admodum felictter."
■^ On his Latin Bible see Pestalozzi, 70 sqq., 165, and Fritzsche in Herzog-
VIII. 403.
^ On his works see Pestalozzi, pp. 90-106. His hymns and versified Psalms
are printed in Wackernagel, Das Deutsche Kirchenlied, vol. III. p. 722 sqq.
(Nos. 832-837).
QQ THE SWISS EEFOEMATION.
secular and spiritual powers. Zwingli aimed at a reformation of the whole reljgious, political, and social life of the people, on the basis and by the power of the Scriptures.^
The i^atriot, the good citizen, and the Christian were to him one and the same. He occupied the theocratic standpoint of the Old Testament. The preacher is a prophet : his duty is to instruct, to exhort, to comfort, to rebuke sin in high and low places, and to build up the kingdom of God; his weapon is the Word of God. The duty of the magistracy is to obey the gospel, to protect religion, to punish wickedness. Calvin took the same position in Geneva, and carried it out much more fully than Zwingli.
The bishop of Constance, to whose diocese Zurich belonged, opposed the Reformation ; and so did the other bishops of Switzerland. Hence the civil magistracy assumed the episcopal rights and jurisdiction, under the spiritual guidance of the Reformers. It first was impartial, and commanded the preachers of the canton to teach the Word of God, and to be silent about the traditions of men (1520). Then it prohibited the violation of the Church fasts (1522), and punished the image-breakers, in the interest of law and order (1523). But soon afterwards it openly espoused the cause of reform in the disputation of 1523, and authorized the abolition of the old worship and the introduction of the new (1524 and 1525). It confiscated the property of the churches and convents, and took under its control the regulation of marriage, the care of the poor, and the education of the clergy. The Church was reduced legally to a state of
1 Bluntschli (^Geschichte des sckweizerischen Bundesrechtes, Stuttgart, 1875, 2d ed. I. 293 sq.) : " Zwingli wur von Anfang an und durch sein gauzes Leben hindurch haum viel weniger darauf hedacht, politisch einzugreifen ah die Kirche zu re/ormiren. Wahrend Luther mit ganzer Seele die Wiederbelebung tind Reinigung d^s christlichen Glaubens anstrebte und sich ausschliesslich dieser Aufgahe widmete, wollte Zwingli nicht bloss Kirchen-, sondern zugleich auch Staatsmann sein. Indem sich Zwingli der kirchlichen Reformation in der Schweiz bemdchtigte und diese von Zurich aus ilber die ganze Schweiz zu verbreiten trachtete, ging er zugleich mit Planen um, die Schweiz politisch umzugestalten."