234 THE EEFORMATION IN FRENCH SWITZERLAND.
crates^ which degenerated by mispronunciation into EignoU and Huguenots^ and passed afterwards from Geneva to France as a nickname for Protestants.^ The party of the Duke of Savoy and the bishop were nicknamed Mamelukes or slaves. The patriots gained the victory with the aid of the German Swdss. On Feb. 20. 1526, Bern and Freiburg concluded an alliance with Geneva, and pledged their armed aid for the protection of her independence. The citizens of Geneva ratified the Swiss alliance by an overwhelming majority, who shouted, '• The Swiss and liberty ! " The bishop appealed in vain to the pope and the emperor, and left Geneva for St. Claude. But he had to accept the situation, and continued to rule ten years longer (till 1536).-
This political movement, of which Berthelier is the chief hero, had no connection with the Keformation. but prepared the way for it, and was followed by the evangelical labors of Farel and Yiret, and the organization of the Reformed Church under Calvin. During the war of emancipation there grew up an opposition to the Roman Church and the clergy of Geneva, which sided with Savoy and was very corrupt, even according to the testimonies of Roman Catholic writers, such as Bishop Antoine Champion, Bonivard, the Soeur de Jussie, and Francis of Sales. Reports of the Lutheran and Zwinglian reformation nursed the opposition. Freiburg (Fribourg) remained Roman Catholic,^ and broke
1 Merle D'Aubigne', I. 119: "Until after the Reformation, this sobriquet had a purely political meaning, in no respect religious, and designated simply the friends of independence. Many years after, the enemies of the Protestants of France called them by this name, wishing to stigmatize them and impute to them a foreign, republican, and heretical origin. Such is the true et)'mology of the term." There are, however, two other etymologies, — one from Hugh Capet, from whom descended Henry IV., the political and military leader of the Huguenots.
- For the details of these political struggles, which have little interest for Church history, see Merle D'Aubigne, I. 1-425 ; the Histories of Geneva, and Am. Roget, Les Suisses et Geneve, oh Vemancipation de la communaute' genevoise au XVP siecle, Geneve, 1864, 2 vols. Also Kampschulte, I.e. I. 3-90.
3 It is famous for the organ in the Church of St. Nicolas, for a suspension
§ 59. THE CONDITION OF FRENCH SWITZERLAND. 235
the alliance with Geneva; but Bern strengthened the alliance and secured for Geneva political freedom from Savo}^ and religious freedom from Rome.
NOTES.
For the understanding of the geographj^ and history of the Swiss Confederacy, the following facts should be considered in connection with the map facing p. 1.
1. The original Confederacy of the three Forest Cantons (Urcanione, Wnldstdtte), Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, from Aug. 1, 1291 (the date of the renewal of an older covenant of 1244) to 1332. Victory at Morgarten over Duke Leopold of Austria, Nov. 15, 1315. (After 1351 the number of Forest Cantons was rfre, including Luzern and Zug.)
2. The Confederacy of the Eight Cantons {Orte) from 1353 to 1481. Luzern joined the Forest Cantons in 1332 (thenceforward the Confederacy
was called the Bund der Vier Waldstdtte, to which in 1352 was added Zug as the Fifth Forest Canton).
Ziirich joined 1351. Glarus joined 1352.
Zug " 1352. Bern " 1353.
Victories over the Austrians at Senipach, July 9, 1386 (Arnold von Winkelried), and Nafels, April 9, 1388. Battle against the Dauphin of France (Louis XI.) Aug. 26, 1444, at St. Jacob near Basel (the Thermopyl^ of the Swiss), and victories over Charles the Bold of Burgundy, at Granson, June 22, 1476, and Nancj', Jan. 5, 1477.
3. The Confederacy of the Thirteen Cantons, 1513-1798. Freiburg joined 1481. Schaffhausen joined 1501. Solothurn " 1481. Appenzell " 1513. Basel " 1501.
4. The Confederation under the French Directory, 1798-1802. Vaud, with the help of France, made herself independent of Bern, 1798. Valtellina, Chiavenna, and Borraio were lost to the Orisons and attached to the Cisalpine Republic by Napoleon, 1797. Neuchutel separated from Switzerland.
5. Modern Switzerland of Twenty-two Cantons from the Congress of Vienna, 1815, to date.
The new Cantons are : Ticino, Valais, St. Gall, Aargau, Thurgau. Grisons, Geneva, Vaud, Neuchatel. They were formerly dependent on, and protected by, or freely associated with, the Thirteen Cantons.
bridge, and a Catholic university. It is the seat of the bishop of Lausanne, and must not be confounded with Freiburg-im-Breisgau in the Grand Duchy of Baden, which is also a stronghold of Romanism.