662 THE REFORMATION IN FRENCH SWITZERLAND.
As his first attack was ignored by the Swiss, he wrote another and larger tract in 1553, in which he proved the Lutheran view chiefly from 1 Cor. 11 : 29, 30, and urged the Lutherans to resist the progress of the Zwinglian or, as it was now called, Calvinistic heresy .^
The style and taste of his polemic may be inferred from his calling Bullinger "the bull of Ziirich," Calvin "the calf of Geneva," and a Lasco " the Polish bear."
About the same time, in the autumn and winter of 1553, John a Lasco, a Polish nobleman, a friend of Calvin, and minister of a foreign Reformed congregation in London, fled with one hundred and seventy-five Protestants from persecution under the bloody Mary, and sought shelter on Danish and German, shores ; but was refused even a temporary refuge in cold winter at Helsingor, Copenhagen, Rostock, Liibeck, and Hamburg (though they found it at last in East Friesland). Westphal denounced these noble men as martyrs of the devil, enraged the people against them, and gloried in the inhuman cruelty as an act of faith.^
This conduct roused the Swiss to self-defence. Bullinger vindicated the orthodoxy of the Ziirich ministry with his usual moderation. Calvin heard of the treatment of the refugees through a letter of Peter Martyr, then at Strassburg,
1 Recta fides de Coena Domini, Magdeburg, 1553. This was followed by Collectanea sententiarum Aurelii Aiigustini de Ccena Domini, Ratisbon, 1555 (the preface is dated September, 1554), and Fides Cyrilli de prcesentia corporis et sanguinis Christi, Frankfort, 1555.
2 A full account in Joh. Utenhoven (who accompanied a Lasco), Simplex et fidelis narratio, etc. Basil., 1560. The spirit of this rare book may be judged from the concluding sentence (quoted by Dalton who examined a copy in Cracow) : " In conclusion let us pray all the pious for Christ's sake not to harbor any hatred against those who have thus persecuted us in our affliction, and not to call fire from heaven as James and John did for the refusal of hospitality, but rather to pray for them that they may repent and be saved." See extracts in Planck, I.e., 36 sqq., and H. Dalton, Johannes a Lasco (Gotha, 1881), 427 sqq. Mcinckeberg attempts to apologize for Westphal, but without effect. Dorner says {I.e., 401, note) : " Westphal wird zum Selbstankldger in der Vorrede zu der Collectanea aus Augustin, riihmt die That der Unbar mherzigkeit als eine gute That, und stellt Nebuchadnezzar als Vorbild fur solche Fdlle auf."
§ 132. THE EUCHARISTIC CONTROVERSIES. 663
in May, 1554, and took up his sharp and racy pen in three successive pamplilets. He at first wished to issue a joint remonstrance of the Swiss Churches, and sent a hasty draft to BuUinger. But Ziiiich, Basel, and Bern found it too severe, and refused to sign it. He corrected the draft, and published it in his own name under the title " Defence of the Sound and Orthodox Doctrine on the Sacraments," as laid down in the Consensus Tigurinus (Geneva, 1555). He treated Westphal with sovereign contempt, without naming him. Westphal replied in a tract thrice as large, complaining of the unworthy treatment, denying the intention of disturbing the peace of the Church, but repeating his charges against the Sacramentarians.^ Calvin, after some hesitation, prepared a " Second Defence," now openly directed '• contra Westphali calumnias" and published it, with a preface to the Churches of Germany, in January, 1556. Westphal replied in two writings, one against Calvin and one against a Lasco, and sent letters to the leading cities of Xorth Germany, urging them to unite in an orthodox Lutheran Confession against the Ziirich Consensus. He received twenty-five responses, and issued them at Magdeburg, 1557. He also reprinted Melanchthon's former opinions on the real presence (Hamburg, 1557). To meet these different assaults Calvin issued his "Last Admonition to Westphal" (1557). Westphal continued the controversy, but Calvin kept silent and handed him over to Beza.
Besides these main contestants several others took part in the fight: on the Lutheran side, Timan, Schnepf, Alberus, Gallus, Judex, Brenz, Andrese, etc. ; on the Reformed side, a Lasco, Ochino, Polanus, Bibliander, and Beza.
Calvin indignantly rebuked the "rude and barbarous insults " to persecuted members of Christ, and characterized the ultra-Lutherans as men who would rather have peace
1 Adversus cujusdam Sacramentarii falsam rriminationem justa defensio, Frankfort, 1565.