§ 134, Calvin and Heshusius.
I. Heshusius : De Prcesentia Corporis Christi in Cmia Domini contra Sacra-
mentarios. Written in 1559, first published at Jena, 1560 (and also at Magdeburg and Niirnberg, 1561). Defensio vera et sacrce conjessionis de vera Prcesentia Corporis Christi in Ccena Domini adversus calumnius Calvini, Boquini, Besce, et Clebitii. Magdeburg, 1562.
II. Calvinus : Dilucida Explicatio same DoctrincB de vera Participatione Carnis et Sanguinis Christi in Sacra Ccena ad discutiendas Heshusii nebulas. Genevae, 1561. Also in French. Opera, IX. 457-524. Comp. Froleg. xli-xliii. — Beza wrote two tracts against Heshusius: KpeoKpayia sive Cjjclops, etc., and Abstersio calumniarum qtiibus Calvinus aspersus est ab Heshusio. Gen., 1561. BoQuiN and Klebitz likewise opposed him.
III. J. G. Leuckfeld: Ilistoria Heshusiana. Quedlinburg, 1716. —T. H, WiLKENS : Tilemann Uesshusen, ein Streittheologe der Luther skirche. Leipzig, I860. — C. Schmidt: Philipp Melanchthon. Elberfeld, 1861, pp. 639 sqq. — Hackenschmidt, Art. "Hesshusen" in Herzog-, VI. 75-79. — Henry, III. 339-344, and Beilage, 221. Comp. also Planck, Heppe, G. Frank, and the extensive literature on the Reformation in the Palatinate and the history of the Heidelberg Catechism (noticed in Schaff's Creeds of Christendom, I. 529-531).
Tilemann Heshusius (in German Hesshus or Hesshusen) was born in 1527 at Niederwesel in the duchy of Cleves, and died at Helmstadt in 1588. He ^yas one of the most energetic and pugnacious champions of scholastic orthodoxy who
672 THE EEFORMATIOX IN FRENCH SWITZERLAND.
outluthered Luther and outpoped the pope.^ He identified piety with orthodoxy, and orthodoxy with illocal con-in-' substan,tiation,2 or "bread-worship," to use Melanchthon's expression. He occupied influential positions at Gosslar, Rostock, Heidelberg, Bremen, Magdeburg, Zweibriicken, Jena, and Prussia; but with his turbulent disposition he stirred up strife everywhere, used the power of excommunication very freely, and was himself no less than seven times deposed from office and expelled. He quarrelled also with his friends Flacius, Wigand, and Chemnitz. But while he tenaciously defended the literal eating of Christ's body by unbelievers as well as believers, he dissented from WestphaFs coarse and revolting notion of a chewing of Christ's body with the teeth, and confined himself to the manducatio oralis. He rejected also the doctrine of ubiquity, and found fault with its introduction into the Formula of Concord.^
Heshusius was originally a pupil and table-companion of Melanchthon, and agreed with his moderate opinions, but, like Westphal and Flacius, he became an ungrateful enemy
1 The other leaders of the anti-Melanchthonian ultra-Lutheranism were Amsdorf (d. 1565), Westphal (d. 1574), Flacius (d. 1575), Judex (d. 1574), Jimann (d. 1557), Gallus (d. 1570), and Wigand (d. 1587). The chief pupils of Melanchthon were Eber (d. 1569), Cruciger (d. 1548) and his son (d. 1575), Camerarius (d. 1574), Peucer, Krell, Pezel, Pfeffinger, Hardenberg. Major, Menius. One of the noblest traits of Luther was his liearty appreciation of Melanchthon to the end of his life, notwithstanding the marked difference. His narrow followers entirely lacked this element of liberality and generosity. Comp. Dorner, Geschichte der protest. Theologie, pp. 330 sqq.
- I coin this word from the Lutheran formula cum, in, and suh pane et vino. The usual designation " consubstantiation " is repudiated by Lutherans in the sense of inipanation or local inclusion.
3 Planck and Heppe give him a bad character, and charge him with inordinate ambition and avarice. According to Heppe he was " einer der widerwdrtigsten lutherischen Pfaffen seiner Zeit." Hackenschmidt judges him more mildly as a consistent advocate of the tendency which makes no distinction between religion and theology, church authority and police force. The Strassburg editors (Opera, IX. Prol. p. xli.) call liim a " vir iinperiosus et <pi\oveiK6raTos." Bullinger compared him to the Homeric Thersites, who was despised for scurrility.
§ 134. CALVIN AND HESHUSIUS. 673
of his benefactor. He was recommended by him to a professorship at Heidelberg and the general superintendency of the Lutheran Church in the Palatinate on the Rhine (1558). Here he first appeared as a champion of the strict Lutheran theory of the substantial presence, and attacked " the Sacramentarians " in a book " On the Presence of the Body of Christ in the Lord's Supper." He quarrelled with his colleagues, especially with Deacon Klebitz, who was a Melanchthonian, but no less violent and pugnacious. He even tried to wrest the eucharistic cup from him at the altar. He excommunicated him because he would not admit the in and sm6, but only the cum (^pane et vino'), in the scholastic formula of the Lutheran doctrine of the real presence. Elector Frederick III., called the Pious, restored peace by dismissing both Heshusius and Klebitz (Sept. 16, 1559), with the approval of Melanchthon. He afterwards ordered the preparation of the Heidelberg Catechism, and introduced the Reformed Church into the Palatinate, 1563.^
On the other hand, the Lutheran clergy of Wiirtemberg, under the lead of Brenz, in a synod at Stuttgart, gave the doctrine of the ubiquity of Christ's body, which Luther had taught, but which Melanchthon had rejected, symbolical authority for Wiirtemberg (Dec. 19, 1559).^
Calvin received the book of Heshusius from Bullinger, who advised him to answer the arguments, but to avoid personalities.^ He hesitated for a while, and wrote to Olevianus (November, 1560) : " The loquacity of that brawler is too absurd to excite my anger, and I have not yet decided whether I shall answer him, I am weary of so many pamphlets, and shall certainly not think his follies worthy of many days' labor. But I have composed a brief analysis of this controversy, which will, perhaps, be shortly published."
1 See § 133, p. 669. 2 pianck, vol. V. Part II. 383 sqq.
3 He wrote to him: " Oro, si statuisti respondere, respondeas ad argumenta, diligenter preterita persona ilia T/iersitis homenci."