§ 136. THE SERVETUS LITEKATUKE. 683
At present only two copies of the original edition are known to exist ; one in the National Library of Paris (the Colladon foi)y), the other in the Imperial Library of Vienna. Willis gives the curious history of these copies, pp. 5o5- 541 ; conip. his note on p. 196. Audin says that he used the annotated copy which bears the name of Colladon on the title-page, and the marks of the flames on the margins ; liow it was rescued, he does not know. It is this copy which passed into the hands of Dr. Ilichard Mead, a distinguished physician in London, who put a Latin note at the head of the work: " Fuit hie liber D. Colladon qui ipse nomen suum adscripsit. Ille vero simul cum Ccdvino inter judices sedebat qui uuctorem Servetum Jlam mis damnarunt. Ipse indicem in Jine confecit. Et porro in ipso opere lineis ductis hie et illic notavit verba quibus ejus blasphemias et errores eoargueret. Hoe exemplar unicum quantum scire licet Jlammis servatum restat : omnia enim qua; reperire poterat aucloritate sua ut comburerentur curavit Calvintis." (Quoted from Audin.) This must be the copy now in Paris. Dr. Mead began to republish a handsome edition in 1723, but it was suppressed and burnt by order of Gibson, the bishop of London.
In 1790, the book rose like a phoenix from its ashes in the shape of an exact reprint, page for page, and line for lino, so that it can only be distinguished from the first edition by the date of publication at the bottom of the last page in extremely small figures — 1790 (not 1791, as Trechsel, Stiihclin, Willis, and others, say). The reprint was made from the original copy in the Vienna Library by direction of Chr. Th. Murr, M.D. (See his Adnotationes ad Bibliothecas Hallerianas, cum variis ad scripta Michaelis Serveti pertinentibus, Erlangen, 1805, quoted by Willis.) The edition must have been small, for copies are rare. My friend, the Rev. Samuel M. Jackson, is in possession of a copy which I have used, and of which two pages, the first and the last, are given in facsimile.
A German translation of the Restitutio by Dr. Berxhard Spikss: Michael Servets Wiederherstellung des Christenthums zum ersten Mai iibersetzt. Erster Bd., Wiesbaden (Limbarth), 1892 (323 pp.). The second vol. has not yet appeared. He says in the preface : " An Beijeisterung fur Christus und an biblischem Purismus ist Servet den meisten Theolor/en unserer Tage weit iiberlegen [?] ; von eigentlichen Ldsterungen ist nichts bei ihm za entdecken." Dr. Spiess, like Dr. Tollin, is both a defender of Servetus and an admirer of Calvin. He translated the first ed. of his Institutes (1536) into German (Wiesbaden, 1887).
The geographical and medical works of Servetus will be noticed in the next sections.
II. Calvinistic Sources. Calvin : Defensio orthodoxce Jidei de sacra trinitate contra prodigiosos errores Michaelis Serveti Hispani, ubi ostenditur hareticos jure gladti coercendos ■ esse, etc., written in 1554, in Opera, VIII. (Brunsw., 1870), 453-644. The same volume contains thirty letters of Servetus to Calvin, 645-720, and the Actes du proces de Mich. Servet., 721-872. See also the correspondence of Calvin from the year 1553 in vol. XIV. 58 sqq. (The Defensio is in the Amsterdam ed., vol. IX. 510-567.) Calvin refers to Servetus after his death several times in the last ed. of the Institutes (I. III. § 10, 22; II. IX. § 3, 10; IV. XVI. 29, 31), in his Responsio ad Balduini Con-
684 THE EEFORMATION IN mENCH SWITZERLAND.
vitia (1562), Opera, IX. 575, and in his Commentary on John 1 : 1 (written in 155-4) : " Sen^etus, supei-bissimus ex gente Hispanica nebulo." Beza gives a brief account in his Calvini Vita, ad a. 1553 and 1554, where he says that " Servetus was justly punished at Geneva, not as a sectary, but as a monster made up of nothing but impiety and horrid blaspliemies, with which, by his speeches and writings, for the space of thirty years, he had infected both heaven and earth." He thinks that Servetus uttered a Satanic prediction on the title-page of his book : " Great war took place in heaven, Michael and his angels fighting with [not against] the dragon." He also wrote an elaborate defence of the death-penalty for heresy in his tract De hcreticis a civili magistratu puniendis, adversus Martini Bellii [pseudonym] farraginem et novorum academicorum sectam. Geneva (Oliva Rob. Stephani), 1554; second ed. 1592; French translation, 1560. See Heppe's Beza, p. 38 sq.
III. Anti-Calvinistic.
BoLSEC, in his Histoire de la vie , . . de Jean Colinn (1577), chs. III. and IV., discusses the trial of Servetus in a spirit hostile alike to Calvin and Servetus. He represents the Roman Catholic view. He calls Servetus "a very arrogant and insolent man," and a "monstrous heretic," who deserved to be exterminated. " Desireroy," he says, p. 25, "que tons semblables fussent exterminez : et I'eglise de nostre Seigneur fut bien purgee de telle vermine." His more tolerant editor, L. F. Chastel, protests against this wish by an appeal to Luke 9 : 55.
IV. Documentary Sources.
The Acts of the process of Servetus at Vienne were published by the Abbe D'Artigny, Paris, 1749 (Tom. II. des Nouveaux Me'moires'). — The Acts of the process at Geneva, first published by J. H. Albert Rilliet : Relation du proces criminel intente a Geneve en 1553 contre Michel Servet, re'dige'e d'apres les documents originaux. Geneve, 1844. Reprinted in Opera, vol. VIII. — English translation, with notes and additions, by W. K. Tweedie : Calvin and Servetus. Edinburgh, 1846. German translation by Brunne- MANN (see below).
V. Modern Works.
*L. Mosheim, the famous Lutheran Church historian (1694-1755), made the first impartial investigation of the Servetus controversy, and marks a reaction of judgment in favor of Servetus, in two monographs, Geschichte des beriihmten Spanischen Arztes Michael Serveto, Helmstjedt, 1748, 4° (second vol. of his Ketzergeschichte) ; and Neue Nachrichten von Serveto, 1750. He had first intrusted his materials to a pupil, Henr. Ab. All- WOERDEN, who published a Historia Michaelis Serveti, Helmstadii, 1727 (238 pp., with a fine portrait of Servetus and the scene of his execution) ; but as this book was severely criticised by Armand de la Chapelle, the pastor of the French congregation at the Hague, Mosheim wrote his first work chiefly from copies of the acts of the trial of Servetus at Geneva (which are verified by the publication of the original documents in 1844), and his second work from the trial at Vienne, which were fur-