§ 136. THE SERVETUS LITERATURE. 685
nishcd to him by a French ecclesiastic. Comp. Henry, III. 102 sq. ; Dyer, 540 sq. In the nineteenth century Servetus has been thoroughly discussed by the biographers of Calvin: Henry (vol. III. 107 sqq., abridged in Stebbing's transl., vol. II.); Audin (chs. XL. and XLI.) ; Dyer (chs. IX. and X., pp. 290-3G7) ; Stahelin (I. 422 sqq. ; II. 309 sqq.) ; and by Amedee Roget, in his Hisloire du peuple de Geneve (vol. IV., 1877, which gives the history of 1553-1555). Henry, Stahelin, and Roget vindicate Calvin, but dissent from his intolerance; Dyer aims to be impartial; Audin, like Bolsec, condemns both Calvin and Servetus.
* F. Trechsel : Michael Servet imd seine Vonjdnger, Heidelberg, 1839 (the
first part of his Die protest. Antitrinitarier) . He draws chiefly from Servetus's works and from the proceedings of the trial in the archives of Bern, which agree with those of Geneva, published afterwards by Rilliet. His work is learned and impartial, but with great respect for Calvin. Com[). his valuable article in the first cd. of Herzog, vol. XIV. 280-301.
* W. K. TwEEDiE : Calvin and Servetus, London, 1840.
Emile Saisset : Michael Servet, I. Doctrine philosophique et religieuse de M. S. ; II. Le proces et la mort de M. S. In the " Revue des deux Mondes" for 1848, and in his " Melanges d'histoire," 1859, pp. 117-227. Saisset was the first to assign Servetus his proper place among scientists and pantheists. He calls him " le tkeologien philosophe panthe'iste pr^curseur inattendu de Malebranche et de Spinoza, de Schleiermacher et de Strauss."
J. S. Porter (Unitarian) : Servetus and Calvin, 1854.
Karl Brunnemann : M. Serv., eine aktemnassitje DarsteUung des 1553 in Genf gegen ihn gefuhrten Kriminal-processes, Berlin, 1865. (From Rilliet.)
* Henri Tollin (Lie. Theol., Dr. Med., and minister of the French Reformed
Church at Magdeburg) : I. Charakterbild Michael Servets. Berlin, 1876,
48 pp. 8° (transl. inio French by Mrae. Picheral-Dardier, Paris, 1879) ;
II. Das Lehrsystem Michael Servets, genetisch dargestellt, Giitersloh, 1876-
1878, 3 vols, (besides many smaller tracts; see below). *R. Willis (M.D.) : Servetus and Calvin. London, 1877 (541 pp.), with a
fine portrait of Servetus and an ugly one of Calvin. More favorable
to the former. Marcelino Menendez Pelayo (R. Cath.) : Historia de las Ileterodoxos
Espanjoles. Madrid, 1877. Tom. 11. 249-313. Don Pedro Gonzales de Velasco: Miguel Serveto. Madrid, 1880 (23 pp.).
He has placed a statue of Serveto in the portico of the Instituto antro-
pologico at Madrid.
* Prof. Dr. A. v. d. Linde : Michael Servet, een Brandoffer der Gereformeerde
Impiisitie. Groningen, 1891 (326 pp.). Hostile to Calvin, as the title indicates, and severe also against Tollin, but valuable for the literary references, distributed among the chapters. (Articles in Encyclop., by Charles Dardier, in Lichtenbergcr's "Encycl. des Sciences religieuses," vol. XL, pp. 570-582 (Paris, 1881); in Larousse's "Grand Dictionnairc universel," vol. XIV. 621-623; Alex.
686 THE REFORMATION IN FRENCH SWITZERLAND.
Gordon, in " Eiicycl. Brit." XXL G8i-686; by Beknh. Riggenbach, in Herzog^, XIV. 153-101.) The theology of Servetus is analyzed and criticised by Heberle : M. Servets Trinitdtslehre und Christologie in the " Tiibinger Zeitschrift" for 1840; Baur: Die christl. Lehre v. d. Dreieinigkeit und Menschwerdung Guiles (Tiibingen, 184.3), III. 54-103; Dorner: Lehre v. d. Person Christi (Berlin, 1853), II. 613, 029, 649-000; Punjer : De M. Serveti doclrina, Jena, 1876. The tragedy of Servetus has been dramatized by Max Ring {Die Genfer, 1850), Jose' Echegaray (1880), and Albert Hamann (1881).
Servetus lias been more thoroughly discussed and defended in recent times than any man connected with the Reformation.
The greatest Servetus scholar and vindicator is Dr. ToUin, pastor of a Huguenot Church in Germany, who calls himself " a Calvinist by birth and a decided friend of toleration by nature." He was led to the study of Servetus by his interest in Calvin, and has written a Serveto-centric library of about forty books and tracts, bearing upon every aspect of Servetus : his Theology, Anthropologtj, Soteriologij, Eschatologi/, Diahologij, Antichristologij, his relations to the Reformers (Luther, Bucer, Melanehthon), and to Thomas Aquinas, and also his medical and geographical writings. He has kindly furnished me with a complete list, and I will mention the most important below in their proper places.
Dr. Tollin assumes that Servetus was radically misunderstood by all his opponents — Catholic, Calvinistic, and Lutheran, and even by his Socinian and other Unitarian sympathizers. He thinks that even Calvin misunderstood him, though he understood him better than his other contemporaries. He makes Servetus a real hero, the peer of Calvin in genius, the discoverer of the circulation of tlie blood, the founder of comparative geography (the forerunner of Ritter), and the pioneer of modern Christology, which, instead of beginning with the pre -existent Logos, rises from the contemplation of the man Jesus to the recognition of Jesus Christ as the Messiah, then as the Son of God, and last as God. But he has overdone the subject, and put some of his own ideas into the brain of Servetus, who, like Calvin, must be studied and judged in the light of the sixteenth, and not of the nineteenth, century.
Next to Tollin, Professor Harnack, Neander's successor in Berlin, has formed a most favorable idea of Servetus. Without entering into an analysis of his views, he thinks that in him " the best of all that came to maturity in the sixteenth century was united, if we except the evangelical Reformation," and thus characterizes him : " Servede ist g/eich bedeulend als empirischer Forscher, als kritischer Denker, als specu/ativer Philosoph und als christUcher Reformer im besten Sinn des Worts. Es ist eine Paradoxic der Geschichte, dass Spanien — das Land, ivelcJies von den Ideen der neuen Zeit im 16 Jahrhundert am wenigsten herilhrt gewesen ist — diesen einzigen Mann hervorgebracht hat." {L)ogmengeschichle , Bd. III. 661.)