THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
This proscription ended in 1861; the missionaries returned; and in 1868 the then queen made public profession of Christianity. At the time of the French occupation there were about 450,000 Protestants and 50,000 Roman Catholics in the island. Roman Catholic missions were commenced in Madagascar in 1844, having their center in the island of Nossi-Be' and the adjacent islands until 1850, when the care of the missions was entrusted to the Jesuits. There are now 348 Roman Catholic mission stations in the island with nearly 100,000 adherents. At the time of the French occupation the Protestant missions were looked upon with great suspicion. In anticipation of being obliged to withdraw from the islands, the London Missionary Society invited the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society to take over some of its stations.
After a period of misunderstanding and friction with the Jesuit missionaries, religious liberty was made effective, and difficulties have gradually been removed. The Protestant societies now laboring in the island are: the London Missionary Society (1818), the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (1843), the Friends Foreign Missionary Association (1867), the Norwegian Society (1867), the United Norwegian Lutheran Church in America (1892), the (Free) Lutheran Board of Missions (U. S. A., 1895), and the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society (1896). These societies together report 196 missionaries, 4,914 native workers, 2,729 schools with 133,262 pupils, and about 200,000 baptized Christians. The effect of the French school laws may probably affect the higher missionary schools; but on the whole conditions are rapidly taking a satisfactory form. The Bible was translated into Malagasy in 1835 and revised in 1886.
Madeira: An island forming a province of Portugal and lying west of North Africa. Area 505 sq. miles; population 150,574. The island was colonized by the Portuguese in 1420, and has been Roman Catholic for two centuries, the ancient inhabitants being entirely extinct. The American Methodist Episcopal Church has a mission in Madeira.
Mauritius: An island colony of Great Britain, lying in the Indian Ocean 500 miles east of Madagascar. Area 705 sq. miles; population (1901) 378,195. The religious classification under the census of 1901 was as follows: Hindus, 206,131; Mohammedans, 41,208; Roman Catholics, 113,224; Protestants, 6,644. Besides the parish priests there are 6 Jesuit missionaries and 11 from the Congregation of the Holy Ghost and the Sacred Heart of Mary. Protestant missions are carried on by the Church Missionary Society, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society. A large section of the population is of African or mixed blood, and the number of Chinese in business in the island is increasing.
Mayotte: An island belonging to France, situated between Madagascar and the African coast. It is under the governor of Reunion. Area 140 sq. miles; population 11,640, which is diminishing. There are 6 Roman Catholic priests and about 3,000 Roman Catholics in the island.
Reunion : An island belonging to France, situated
about 420 miles east of Madagascar. Area 945 sq. miles; population (1902) 173,395, of whom 13,492 are British Indians, 4,496 are natives of Madagascar, 9,457 are Africans, and 1,378 are Chinese. The rest of the inhabitants are reckoned as Roman Catholics. The island is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and it forms a part of the ecclesiastical province of Bordeaux in France.
Saint Thomas (Thom6) and Principe: Two islands in the Gulf of Guinea, belonging to Portugal, of which they are reckoned as a province. Area 360 sq. miles; population (1900) 42,000, of whom 41,000 are negroes. These islands are a source of revenue to the Portuguese government, producing quantities of coffee, cocoa, and cinchona. The products are cultivated by slave labor still imported by the Portuguese " under contract " through Angola from central Africa. About 4,000 of these " laborers " are carried to the islands every year; and it is said that none return. A Roman Catholic diocese was established in these islands in 1584, and a large part of the population is reckoned as Roman Catholic. There are no Protestant missions in this colony.
Zanzibar: See British East Africa Protectorate, above. Henry Otis Dwight.*
Bibliography: I. Collections of titles: J. Gay, Bibliographic des ouvrages relatifs al' Afrique et hi' Arabie, San Remo, 187S; P. Paulitschke, Die Afrika-Literatur in der Zeit 1600-1750, Vienna, 1882; G. Kayser, Bibliographie de I'Afrique, Brussels, 1889. Geography and Atlases: P. Paulitschke, Die geographische
Erforschung des afrikanischen Continents, Vienna, 1880;
idem, Die geographische Erforschung der Adal-Lander in Ost-
Afrika, Leipsic, 1884; A. H. Keane, Africa, 2 vols., London,
1895 (a compend); A. Poskin, L'Afrique equatoriale. Climatologie, nosologic hygiene, Paris, 1897 (the one book on the subject); R. Grundemann, Neuer Missions- Atlas, Stuttgart,
1896 (German missions only); K. Heilmann, Missionskarte der Erde, Gtitersloh, 1897; H. P. Beach, Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions, New York, 1903.
Ethnology: T. Waitz, Anthropologic der Naturvolker, vol. ii., Leipsic, 1860; R. Hartmann, Die Nigritier, Berlin, 1877 (argues for unity of African peoples); idem, Die V biker Afrikas, Leipsic, 1879; H. Spencer, Descriptive Sociology, part iv., African Races, London, 1882; A. Featherman, Social History of the Races of Mankind: Nigritians, ib. 1885; F. Ratzel, Vblkerkunde, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1886-88, Eng. transl.. History of Mankind, London, 1896-97; Natives of South Africa, London, 1901.
Languages: R. N. Cust, A Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa, 2 vols., ib. 1883 (by a master); C. R. Lepsius, Nubische Grammatik mit einer Einleitung ilber die Vblker und Sprachen Afrikas, Berlin, 1880.
Exploration: D. Livingstone, Travels and Researches in South Africa, London, 1857; J. H. Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, ib. 1863; R. F. Burton, Wanderings in West Africa, 2 vols., ib. 1864; H. M. Stanley, How I Found Livingstone, ib. 1874; idem, In Darkest Africa, ib. 1874; V. L. Cameron, Across Africa, ib. 1877; C. E. Bourne, Heroes of African Discovery, 2 vols., ib. 1882; K. Dove, Vom Kap zum Nil, Berlin, 1898; J. Bryce, Impressions of South Africa, with three maps, London, 1899; C. A. von Gotzen, Durch Afrika von Ost nach West, Berlin, 1899; A. B. Lloyd, In Dwarf Land and Cannibal Country, London, 1899; L. Lanier, L'Afrique, Paris, 1899 (geographical, historical, bibliographical); P. B. du Chafilu, In African Forest and Jungle, New York, 1903; A. H. Keane, South Africa. A Compendium of Geography and Travel, London, 1904.
African partition and colonization: J. S. Keltie, The Partition of Africa, 21 maps, London, 1893 (excellent, succinct);
* Part of the information concerning Roman Catholic missions in thig article has been furnished by Prof. John T. Ckeaqh.