THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
the Zulus, Boston, 1891; F. W. von Wernsdorff, Ein Jahr in Rhodesia, Berlin, 1899; J. Robinson, A Lifetime in South Africa, London, 1900.
Nigeria: C. H. Robinson, Hausaland, London, 1897; idem, Nigeria, 1900 (both authoritative); H. Goldie, Calabar and Its Mission, ib. 1890; R. H. Bacon, Benin, the City of Blood, ib. 1897; H. Bindloss, In the Niger Country, ib. 1899; W. R. Miller, Hausa Notes, ib. 1901.
Orange River Colony: South African Republic, Official Documents, Philadelphia, 1900; G. McC. Theal, The Boers, or Emigrant Farmers, London, 1888; A. H. Keane, Africa, in E. Stanford's Compendium of Geography, 2 vols., ib. 1893; H. Cloete, History of the Great Boer Trek, and the Origin of the South African Republics, ib. 1899.
Portuguese Africa: W. B. Warfield, Portuguese Nyassaland, London, 1899; R. Monteiro, Delagoa Bay, Its Natives and Natural History, ib. 1891; P. Gillmore, Through Gaza Land, ib. 1891; J. P. M. Weale, Truth about the Portuguese in Africa, ib. 1891.
Rhodesia: H. Hensman, History of Rhodesia, London, 1900; E. F. Knight, Rhodesia of To-day; Condition and Prospects of Matabeleland and Mashonaland, ib. 1895; A. G. Leonard, How we Made Rhodesia, ib. 1896; A. Boggie, History of Rhodesia and the Matabele, ib. 1897; S. J. Du Toit, Rhodesia Past and Present, ib. 1897; H. L. Tangye, In New South Africa ; . Transvaal and Rhodesia, ib. 1900.
Sierra Leone: J. J. Crooks, History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, London, 1903; D. K. Flickinger, Ethiopia, or Twenty Years of Mission Work in Western Africa, Dayton, 1877; E. G. Ingham, Sierra Leone after One Hundred Years, London, 1894; T. J. Alldridge, The Sherbro and its Hinterland, ib. 1901 ; C. George, The Rise of British West Africa, ib. 1904.
Somaliland: H. L. Swayne, Seventeen Trips through Somaliland, London, 1903; C. V. A. Peel, Somaliland . Two
Expeditions into the Far Interior, ib. 1903; F. S. Brereton, In the Grip of the Mullah, ib. 1903.
Sudan: A. S. White, Expansion of Egypt under Anglo- Egyptian Condominion, New York, 1900; C. T. Wilson and R. W Felkin, Uganda und der agyptische Sudan, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1883; Slatin Pasha, Fire and Sword in the Sudan, London, 1896; D. C. Boulger, Life of Gordon, ib. 1897; H. S. Alford and W. D. Sword, The Egyptian Sudan, Its Loss and Its Recovery, ib. 1898; H. H. Austin, Among Swamps end Giants in Equatorial Africa, ib. 1902.
Transvaal: E. Farmer, Transvaal as a Mission Field, London, 1903; W. C. Willoughby, Native Life on the Transvaal Border, ib. 1900; J. H. Bovill, Natives under the Transvaal Flag, ib. 1900; D. M. Wilson, Behind the Scenes in the Transvaal, ib. 1901.
Tripoli and Tunis: G. E. Thompson, Life in Tripoli, London, 1893; De H. Wartegg, Tunis, Land and People, ib. 1899; M. Fournel, La Tunisie ; le christianisme et I'islam dans I'Afrique septentrionale, Paris, 1886; V. Guerin, La France catholique en Tunisie . . et en Tripolitaine, ib. 1886; A. Perry, Official Tour along the Eastern Coast of Tunis, Providence, 1891; D. Bruun, The Cave Dwellers of Southern Tunisia, Edinburgh, 1898; H. Vivian, Tunisia and the Modern Barbary Pirates, London, 1899; J. L. Cathcart, Tripoli ; First War with the United States, La Porte, 1902.
Uganda: H. H. Johnston, Uganda Protectorate, London, 1904; W. J. Ansorge, Under the African Sun: A Description of Native Races in Uganda, ib. 1899; Mackay of [Uganda ; Story of his Life by his Sister, ib. 1899; R. P. Ashe, Two Kings of Uganda ; or Life by the Shores of Victoria Nyanza, ib. 1890 (missionary); S. G. Stock, Uganda and Victoria Nyanza Mission, ib. 1892; F. J. Lugard, Rise of our East African Empire, Nyassaland and Uganda, 2 vols.,
Edinburgh, 1893; idem, Story of the Uganda Protectorate, London, 1900; C. F. Harford-Battersby, Pilkington of Uganda, ib. 1899; A. R. Cook, A Doctor and his Dog in Uganda, ib. 1903 (on medical missions).
III. African Islands: Madagascar: J. Sibree, The Great African Island, London, 1879 (the best book); idem, Madagascar before the Conquest, ib. 1896; W. Ellis, The Martyr Church, ib. 1869; W. E. Cousins, The Madagascar of To-day, ib. 1895; H. Hansen, Beitrag zur Geschichte der InselMadagaskar, Giitersloh, 1899; J. J. K. Fletcher, Sign of the Cross in Madagascar, London, 1901; T. T. Matthews, Thirty Years in Madagascar, ib. 1904.
Other Islands: A. B. Ellis, The West African Islands, London, 1885; C. Keller, Madagascar, Mauritius, and other African Islands, ib. 1900; N. Pike, Subtropical Rambles in the Land of the Aphanapteryx, ib. 1873 (on Mauritius); J. C. Mellia, St. Helena, ib. 1875 (scientific); H. W Estridge,
Six Years in Seychelles, ib. 1885; A. S. Brown, Madeira and the Canary Isles, ib. 1890.
AFRICA, THE CHURCH OF. See Abyssinia and the Abyssinian Church; Coptic Church; Egypt; Missions, Roman Catholic, Protestant; North African Church.
AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. See Methodists.
AFRICANUS, JULIUS. See Julius Afhicanus. AGAPE, ag'a-pi or -pg.
Primitive Form of Celebration (§1). Final Form of the Agape (§ 2). Disassociation of Agape and Eucharist (§ 3).
The Greek word agape (" love," pi. agapai, Lat. agapce) was used in the early Church, both Greek and Latin, to denote definite manifestations of brotherly love between believers, and particularly certain meals taken in common which had more or less of a religious character. The earliest mention of such meals is found in Jude 12 (possibly in II Pet. ii. 13). Distinct history begins with Tertullian, in the passage (Apologeticus, xxxix.) commencing: " Our supper bears a name which tells exactly what it is; it is called by the word which in Greek means ' affection.' " The agape served for the refreshment of the poorer brethren, as well as for the general edification. It was opened and closed with prayer, and after its conclusion one and another gave songs of praise, either from the Bible or of their own composition. These meetings were under the direction of the clergy, to whom (with reference to I Tim. v. 17) a double portion of food and drink was allotted. They were held at the time of the principal meal, and frequently were prolonged until dark. In the period for which i. Primi- Tertullian bears witness, they were tive Form not connected with the sacrament of Cele- of the Eucharist; he says expressly bration. (De corona, iii.) that the Lord instituted the sacrament on the occasion of a meal, while the Church does not so celebrate it, but rather before daybreak. Even apart from the secret nocturnal services of the times of persecution and the observance of the paschal vigil, the Eucharist was regularly celebrated before any meal. Notably was this rule, which is found referred to in Cyprian (Epist., lxiii. 16), established in Tertullian's time, but — which is decisive for the distinction between Eucharist and agape — it existed in many parts of the Church as early as that of Justin (Apologia, i. 65, 67). The principle, that the Eucharist should be received only fasting, which would exclude any relation with a preceding common meal, and especially with the agape, taking place toward evening, is indirectly evidenced by Tertullian (Ad uxorem, ii. 5); Augustine found it so universally recognized that he was inclined to refer it to one of the ordinances promised by Paul in I Cor. xi. 34; and Chrysostom was so convinced of the antiquity of the rule that he supposed the custom of following it by an ordinary meal to have prevailed in Corinth in Paul's time. In any case, in the third and fourth centuries the development of the agape was more and more away from any connection with public worship.