RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Anastasius Ancillon
of Paul's epistles, all of which show that he was thinking of a definite and recognized conception and a purely spiritual one (Rom. ix. 3; I Cor. xii. 3 xvi. 22; Gal. i. 8, 9). The falling under this solemn curse is conditioned and justified by the act of the subject, in failing to love God or in preaching a false gospel. These passages show that Paul was not thinking of anathema as a disciplinary measure of the community, as under the synagogue; there is no connection between it and the penalties inflicted on moral offenders (I Cor. v. 5, 11; I Tim. i. 20). It is pronounced only against those who set themselves in treasonable opposition to God himself, to his truth and his revelation. Paul's use of the word, therefore, goes back of the practise of the synagogue to the Septuagint use. This explains the fact that in the development of ecclesiastical discipline the word " anathema " is not used as a technical term for excommunication before the fourth century. It occurs in the canons of Elvira (305) against mockers and in those of Laodicea (341?) against Judaizers; and after the Council of Chalcedon (451) it becomes a fixed formula of excommunication, used especially against heretics, as in the anathemas of the Council of Trent and later papal utterances. No settled unity of belief has, however, been arrived at in regard to it; now absolute finality of operation is claimed for it, now it is considered as revocable. And there is as little agreement as to its effects, the limits of its use, and its position in the scale of penalties. Du Cange includes the prevalent conceptions of it when he defines it as " excommunication inflicted by bishop or council, not amounting quite to the major excommunication, but still accompanied by execration and cursing." See Excommunication. (G. Heinrici.) Bibliography: See under Excommunication.
ANATOLIUS, an"a-to'li-us, OF CONSTANTI- NOPLE : Patriarch of Constantinople ; d. 458. He belonged to the Alexandrian school, was apocrisiarius at Constantinople of Dioscurus of Alexandria (q.v.), and succeeded Flavian as patriarch after the " Robber Synod " of Ephesus (449). It was a time of conflict, and Anatolius was more than once accused of heresy, ambition, and injustice. At the Council of Chalcedon (451) he succeeded in having reaffirmed a canon of the second general council (Constantinople, 381) which placed Constantinople on an equal footing with Rome. He crowned the emperor Leo I. in 457, which is said by Gibbon (chap, xxxvi.) to be the first instance of the performance of such a ceremony by an ecclesiastic. Anatolius is identified by John Mason Neale (Hymns of the Eastern Church, London, 1862) with the author of the hymns (in Neale 's translation) Fierce was the wild billow, and The day is past and over. Others think that Anatolius the hymn- writer lived at a later time.
Bibliography: DCB, i. Ill; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 63, 1140.
ANATOLIUS OF LAODICEA : Bishop of Laodicea in the third century. He was a native of Alexandria, and excelled in rhetoric and philosophy, the natural sciences, and mathematics. His fellow citizens requested him to
establish a school of Aristotelian philosophy. In 262 he left Alexandria, acted for a time as coadjutor of Bishop Theotecnus of Caesarea, and was made bishop of Laodicea in 268 or 269. Eusebius (Hist.eccl., VII. xxxii. 14-20) gives a considerable extract from a work of his on the paschal festival, and mentions another, in ten books, on calculation. The Latin Liber Anatoli de ratione paschali probably belongs to the sixth century. It is in MPG, x., and in B. Krusch, Studien zur mittelalterlichen Chronologic, Leipsic, 1880, pp. 311-327; cf. ANF, vi. 146-153. G. Kruger.
Bibliography: T. Zahn, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Kanons, iii. 177-196, Leipsic, 1884; A. Anscombe, The Paschal Canon attributed to Anatolius of Laodicea, in English Historical Review, x. (1895) 515-535; Kruger, History, p. 216.
ANCHIETA, an"shi-e'ta, JOSE" DE: The apostle of Brazil; b. at La Laguna, Teneriffe, Canary Islands, 1533; d. at Retirygba, Brazil, June 15, 1597 He joined the Jesuits in 1550, and three years later went to Brazil. In 1567 he was ordained priest, and thenceforth lived as missionary in the wild interior, laboring amid great hardships for the conversion of the savages. He became provincial before his death. Both the Indians and the Portuguese believed that he worked miracles. He wrote two catechisms in the native Brazilian tongue, a dictionary of the same, and a grammar (Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil, Coimbra, 1595), which is the standard work on the subject. A treatise by him in Latin on the natural products of Brazil was published by the Academy of Sciences at Lisbon (1812).
Bibliography: His life has been published in Spanish (Jerez de la Frontera, 1677), in Portuguese (Lisbon, 1672), in Latin (Cologne, 1617), and in English (London, 1849).