THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
church services is said to be on the whole excellent in those communities where there are regular organizations. It is to be noted that there are many small communities where members identify themselves with the local churches.
In general character the Armenians in the United States show much the same characteristics as in their own country. They are industrious, frugal, peaceable. They retain a close connection with their relatives and friends in the home-land as is shown by the sums annually remitted to them. With the exception of the Fresno colony, chiefly agricultural, they are for the most part traders, manufacturers, or laborers in the large factories. They preserve to a considerable degree their distinctive nationalism and were the conditions in Turkey to change, would probably return in large numbers. Edwin Munsell Bliss.
Bibliography: Descriptive and geographical works: H. Hyvernat and P. Muller-Simonis, Relation des missions scientifiques . . notes sur la geographie et I'histoire ancienne de I'Armenie et les inscriptions du bassin de Van, Paris, 1S92; H. F. Tozer, Turkish Armenia and Eastern Asia Minor, London, 1881; E. Nogueres, Armenie. Geographie, histoire, religion, mosurs, litterature, Paris, 1897; H. F. B. Lynch, Armenian Travels and Studies, London, 1901. On the people: A. Megorovian, Etude ethnographique et juridique sur la famille et le mariage armenien, Paris, 1895; J. Creagh, Armenians, Koords and Turks, 2 vols. , London, 1880; J. B. Telfer, Armenia and its People, London, 1891; G. H. Filian, Armenia and her people, New York, 1896. On the language and literature: F. J. B. Ananian, Dictionary of M odern Armenian Language, Venice, 1S69; F.il.Jiedrossian,Eng.- Armenian and Armenian-Eng . Dictionary, 2 vols., London, 1875-79; J. H. Petermann, Brevis linguce Armenicm grammatica, Berlin, 1872; K. H. Gulian, Elementary Modern Armenian Grammar, London, 1902; P. Sukias Somal, Quadro delle opere di vari autori anticamente tradotti in Armeno, Venice, 1825, and Quadro delta storia letteraria di Armenia, Venice, 1829; C. F. Neumann, Versuch einer Geschichte der armenischen Litteratur, Leipsic, 1836, a German adaptation of the preceding; M. Patcanian, Catalogue de la litterature armenienne depuis le commencement du iv. siecle jusque vers le milieu du xvii., in. Melanges asiatiques, iv. 1., St. Petersburg, 1860; F Neve, L' Armenie chrctienne et sa litterature, Louvain, 1886.
For the history the sources accessible in European languages are: M. Chamchian, History of Armenia from B.C. 22U7 to A.D. 1780, translated from the original Armenian by J. Avdall, with continuation to date, 2 vols., Calcutta, 1827; J. Saint-Martin, Memoires historiques et geographiques sur I' Armenie, 2 vols., Paris, 1818-19; M. Brosset. Les Ruines d'Ani, 2 parts, St. Petersburg, 1860-61; idem, Collection d'historiens armeniens, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1874-76; V Langlois, Collection des historiens anciens et modernes de I'Armenie, 2 vols., Paris, 1867-69; E. Dulaurier, Le Royaume de la Petite- Armenie, in Recueil des historiens des croisades; documents armeniens, i., Paris, 1869; idem, Elude sur I' organisation politique, religieuse, et administrative du royaume de la Petite- Armenie, in J A, ser. v., xvii. (1861) 377 sqq., xviii. (1861) 289 sqq. Consult N. T. Gregor, Hist, of Armenia from Earliest Ages, London, 1897 (a handy manual); Nerses Ter-Mikaelian, Das armenische Hymnarium, Leipsic. 1905 (a hist, of the development of hymnology in the Armenian Church).
For the native religion of Armenia, consult H. Gelzer, Zur armenischen Gbtterlehre, in the Berichte der kbniglichen sachsischenGesellschafl der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, phil.hist. Classe, xlviii. (1896) 99-148; A. Caniere. Les Huit Sanctuaires de I'Armenie paienne, Paris, 1899. The works mentioned in the text have all been printed, either by the Mekhitarists, at St. Petersburg, or elsewhere; some are accessible in translation, either independently or in collective works like those of Brosset and Langlois, mentioned above. For the history of the Armenian Church, missions, and modern religious conditions consult; E. Dulaurier, Histoire, dogmes, traditions, et liturgie de I'eglise armenienne orientate, Paris, 1855; S. C. Malan, Life and Times of St. Gregory the Illuminator, London, 186S, a
transl. from the Armenian; idem. The Divine Liturgy of the Orthodox Armenian Church of St. Gregory, ib. 1870, transl. from, the Armenian; idem, Confession of Faith of the Holy Armenian Church, ib. 1872; C. H. Wheeler, Ten Years on the Euphrates. New York, 1868; B. Anderson, History of the Missions of the American Board to the Oriental Churches, 2 vols.. Boston, 1870; E. F. K. Fortescue; The Armenian Church, London, 1872; F. Neve, L' Armenie chrctienne, Louvain, 1886; D. Vernier, Histoire du patriarcat armenien catholique, Lyons, 1891; F. C. Conybeare, The Armenian Church, in Religious Systems of the World, London, 1893, and The Key of Truth: a Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia. Text and transl., London, 1898; H. Gelzer, Die Anfange der armenischen Kirche, in the Berichte derkbniglich sachsischen Gesellschafl der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, phil.-hist. Classe, xlvii. (1895) 109-174; W. St. C. Tisdall, Conversion of Armenia to the Christian Faith, London, 1896; Melodies of the Holy Apostolic Church of Armenia, the liturgy, etc., translated by J. B. Melik-Belgar, Calcutta, 1897; E. Lohmann, 1m Kloster zu Sis, ein Beitrag zu der Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen dem deutschen Reiche und Armenien im Mittelalter, Striegau, 1901; K. Beth, Die orientalische Christenheit der Mittelmeerlander. Reisestudien zur Statistik und Symbolik der . armenischen Kirchen, Berlin,
1902; A. Harnack, Die Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten, Leipsic, 1902, Eng. transl., London, 1904, passim; S. Weber, Die katholische Kirche in Armenien, Freiburg, 1903 (the most complete account of Armenian church history to the beginning of the sixth century from the Roman Catholic standpoint); E. Ter-Minassiantz, Die armenische Kirche in ihren Beziehungen zu den syrischen Kirchen bis zum Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, TU, new series, xi. 4. The recent disturbances in Armenia have called forth a number of works (some of them to be used with caution), such as F. D. Greene, The Armenian Crisis and the Rule of the Turk, London, 1895; G. Godet, Les Souffrances de I'Armenie, Neuchatel, 1896 (containing a list of churches, monasteries, and villages destroyed, and names of ministers murdered); J. Lepsius, Armenien und Europa, Berlin, 1896; J. R. and H. B. Harris, Letters from Armenia, New York, 1897; A. Nazarbek, Through the Storm, Picture of Life in Armenia, New York, 1899; H. O. Dwight, Constantinople and its Problems, New York, 1901.
ARMINIUS, JACOBUS (Jakob Hermanss), AND ARMINIANISM: A Dutch theologian and the theological system he is supposed to have held. Arminius was born at Oudewater (1 8 m. e.n.e. of Rotterdam) Oct. 10, 1560; d. at Leyden Oct. 19, 1609. After his father's early death he lived with Rudolphus Snellius, professor in Marburg. In 1576 he returned home and studied theology at Leyden under Lambertus Danseus. Here he spent six years, till he was enabled by the burgomasters of Amsterdam to continue his studies at Geneva and Basel under Beza and Grynseus. He lectured on the philosophy of Petrus Ramus and the Epistle to the Romans. Being recalled by the government of Amsterdam, in 1588 he was appointed preacher of the Reformed congregation. During the fifteen years which he spent here, he gained the general respect, but his views underwent a change. His exposition of Rom. vii. and ix., and his utterances on election and reprobation gave offense. His learned but hot-headed colleague, Petrus Plancius, in particular opposed him. Disputes arose in the consistory, which for the time being were stopped by the burgomasters.
Arminius was suspected of heresy because he regarded the subscription to the symbolical books as not binding and was ready to grant to the State more power in ecclesiastical matters than the strict Calvinist.s would admit. When two of the professors of the University of Leyden, Junius and