RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Armitage Arndt
weapons against the Protestants, notably in the controversy with Claude on the Lord's Supper, which produced his Perpetuite de la foi de I'eglise catholique touchant V Eucharistie (Paris, 1664). He still however, continued to attack the Jesuits, and' his defense of the " Gallican liberties " against the king in the controversy over the Droit de regale (see Regale) brought him into such disfavor with the government that in 1679 he again went into hiding and soon after left France for Brussels, where the Spanish governor protected him. Here he wrote two works of special interest to Englishspeaking people, the Apologie pour les catholiques (2 vols., Liege, 1681-82), a defense of the English Roman Catholics against the charge of conspiracy, especially as brought by Titus Oates, and an attack on William of Orange (1689). Of more general interest is his controversy with Malebranche, which produced the Traite des males et des fausses idies (Cologne, 1683) and Reflexions philosophiques et theologiques sur le nouveau systeme de la nature et de la grdceduPere Malebranche (3 vols., 1685-86) During this period he collaborated with Quesnel in his translation of the New Testament, as he had previously with Nicole and other members of the Port Royal group in their educational works, especially the often-reprinted " Logic." He was a man of wide learning, acute penetration, eloquent style, and untiring diligence, but unbendingly obstinate and set in his own ideas, so that at Port Royal it was a rule never to contradict him, lest he should be unduly excited. His works were published at Lausanne (48 vols., 1775-83). — Ang&ique (de Saint Jean) Arnauld, daughter of Robert (b. in Paris Nov. 24, 1624; d. Jan. 29, 1684), entered the abbey of Port Royal in her nineteenth year under her aunt's training; became subprioress in 1653 and abbess in 1678. Her firmness of character, and undaunted courage made her the principal support of the nuns during the long and grievous persecution brought upon them by their adherence to Jansenist opinions. Of several works which she wrote, the most important is the Memoires pour servir a I'histoire de Port Royal (3 vols., Utrecht, 1742). — For all the members of the Arnauld family see Jansen, Cornelius, Jansenism; Port Royal.
ARNDT, arnt, AUGUSTIN; German Jesuit; b. at Berlin June 22, 1851. He was educated at the universities of Berlin (1872-74), Breslau (1875), and Cracow (1880-84). He was professor of German at the Seminary of Vals, France, in 1878-80, and from 1883 to 1889 he was professor of theology at Cracow, while since the latter year he has been editor of the Katholischer Sonntagsblatt fur die Diozese Breslau. He has written Homer und Virgil, eine Parallele (Leipsic, 1873); Der Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Alten (Gutersloh, 1873); Blutenstrauss aus Luthers Werken (Berlin, 1875); Wo ist Wahrheit? (Freiburg, 1875); Fenelons ascetvtclus Schriften (3 vols., Regensburg, 1886-87); Der heilige Stanislaus Kostka (1888); De prmstantia Socielatis Jesu (Cracow, 1890); De rituum relatione juridica (Rome, 1895); De libris prohibitis (Regensburg, 1895); Confer -enzen iiber die Konstitutionen der Ursulinerinnen (Breslau, 1897);
Betstunden fiir die ewige Anbetung (1897); Biblia Sacra: die heilige Schrift (Regensburg, 1898); Der Jubilaeumsbeichtvater (1900); Handbiichlein der Mdssigkeitsbruderschaften (Breslau, 1900); Vorschriften iiber das Verbot der Biicher (Trier, 1900); Die kirchlichen Rechtsbestimmungen iiber die Frauenkongregationen (Mainz, 1901); N ovizenbiichlein der grauen Schwestern (Breslau, 1901); Kandidatenbiichlein der grauen Schwestern (1901); Jubilaeumsbiichlein (1901); Die vier heiligen Evangelien (Regensburg, 1903); Das Neue Testament (1903); and Erlasse und Verordnungen (1906) He has likewise written much in Polish, and is the author of numerous briefer contributions.
ARNDT, arnt, JOHANN: German mystic; b. at Edderitz, near Ballenstedt (36 m. s.w. of Magdeburg), Anhalt, Dec. 27, 1555; d. at Celle (23 m. n. of Hanover), Hanover, May 11, 1621. He studied theology at Helmstedt, Wittenberg, Strasburg, and Basel and in 1583 became pastor at Badeborn in Anhalt. He was removed in 1590 by Duke Johann Georg because of his refusal to submit to the duke's order proscribing the use of images and the practise of exorcism. Summoned to Quedlinburg in the same year Arndt had to contend with the malice of a faction among the townspeople with whom his aggressive preaching found little favor, and in 1599 he followed a call to Brunswick. Here too, after some years of quiet, he came into conflict with his colleagues, largely because of the general opposition aroused by the appearance, in 1606, of the first part of his Vom wahren Christenthum. In 1609 he became pastor at Eisleben, but two years later received the important post of general superintendent at Celle and in this position remained till his death, exercising a lasting and beneficent influence on the constitution of the Liineburg church system. In 1609 appeared three additional books of the Wahre Christenthum and in 1612 he published his no less famous Paradiesgartlein aller christlichen Tugenden. The appearance of the Wahre Christenthum gave rise to a violent controversy. Steeped in the mysticism of the Middle Ages, Arndt asserted the insufficiency of orthodox doctrine toward the complete attainment of the true Christian life, and upheld the necessity of a moral purification made possible by righteous living and by bringing the soul into communion with God. Though he held fast, formally, to the doctrine of the Lutheran Church, he nevertheless became thus the great precursor of Pietism and his is the greatest name in the history of German mysticism after Thomas a Kempis. The first book of the Wahre Christenthum was translated into English in 1646, and complete translations were made by A. W Boehm in 1712 and by W. Jaques in 1815. An American edition appeared at Philadelphia in 1842, revised in 1868. The Garden of Paradise appeared in English in 1716.
(H. Holscher.)
Bibliography: F. Arndt, Johann Arndt, Berlin, 1838; H. L. Pertz, De Joanne Arndt ejusque libris, Hanover. 1852.