THE XEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
and Evangelical Arminianism compared, Columbia, 1890; G. L Curtiss, Arminiamsm in History. Cincinnati. 1894.
ARMITAGE, THOMAS: Baptist; b. at Pontefract (20 rn. s.s.w. of York), Yorkshire, England, Aug. 2, 1819; d at Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1896 He became a Methodist preacher at the age of sixteen; emigrated to America in 1838; joined the Baptists in 1S48 and was pastor of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, New York (then located on Norfolk Street and known as the Norfolk Street Church), from that year till Jan. 1, 1889. He was one of the founders of the American Bible Union (1850) and its president 1856-75. He published Preaching, its Ideal and Inner Life (Philadelphia, 1880); A History of the Baptists Traced by their Vital Principles and Practices from the Time of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ to the Present (New York, 1S87; revised and enlarged ed., 1890).
ARMY. See War.
ARNAUD, 5r"n5', HENRI: Waldensian; b. at Embrun (58 m. s.e of Grenoble), Department of Hautes Alpes, France, Sept. 30, 1641; d at Schonenberg near Diirrmenz (19 m. n.w by w. of Stuttgart), Wurttemberg, Sept. 8, 1721. He studied at Basel, probably visited Holland, and continued his studies at Geneva; became pastor at Maneille in the valley of St. Martin, 1670, and later at an unknown place in Dauphin^; fled to La Torre, Piedmont, probably shortly after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (October, 1685). He counseled resistance to the persecution of the Waldensians undertaken by Victor Amadeus II., Duke of Savoy, at the instigation of Louis XIV of France, and, when this failed, with the remnant of his people (about 3,000 in number) took refuge in Switzerland. There he was active in plotting for a return, and in August, 1689, he led about 900 of the exiles back to their old homes, where they maintained themselves against the French and Savoyard troops until political conditions (the influence of William of Orange and a breach with France) led the Duke to withdraw his opposition (1690). In the ensuing war with France he rendered good service to the duke, but resumed his spiritual duties in 1692. In 1698, on the renewal of persecution following a fresh alliance with France, he again went into exile in Switzerland, visited Germany, Holland, and England in the interest of his people, and in 1699 settled in Wurttemberg as pastor of the Waldensians living in and about Diirrmenz He wrote Histoire de la glorieuse rentrce des Vaudois dans leur vallees (Cassel, 1710; later eds., Neuchatel, 1845, Geneva, 1879; Eng. transl by H. D Acland, London, 1827).
Bibliography: For his life in German consult K. H. Klaiber, Henri Arnaurl, nach den Quellen. Stuttgart, 1880; in Italian. E Comba, Florence, 1889; Fr. ed. of the latter, abridged, with the addition of certain letters, Le Tour 1889.
ARNAULD : The name of a famous French family, known especially for their connection with Jansenism The well-known lawyer Antoine Arnauld (1560-1619) foreshadowed the position of his children by defending the University of Paris
against the Jesuits in 1594. Of his twenty children, ten died young; and nine of the others devoted themselves to religion. The most noteworthy are: The eldest, Robert Arnauld (d'Andilly; b. in Paris 1588; d. there Sept. 27. 1674), who held various positions in the government and at the court, but retired in 1640 to Port Royal and devoted himself to church history. He is best known by his translations into French, especially of Josephus and St. Augustine's " Confessions," and the Vies des saints percs du desert (2 vols., Paris, 1647-53; Eng. transl., 2 vols., London, 1757) — Jacqueline Marie Arnauld (known in religion as Marie Angelique de Ste. Madeleine; b. in Paris Sept. 8, 1591; d. Aug. 6, 1661) entered the abbey of Port Royal when only seven, and became abbess at eleven. Aroused to fervent devotion in 1609, she began a strict reformation of her abbey according to the Cistercian rule. She resigned the position of abbess in 1630 and introduced the custom of triennial elections. From 1626 to 1648 she was in Paris, at the new house known as Port-Royal de Paris.— Henri Arnauld (b. in Paris 1597; d. at Angers June 8, 1692) was at first a lawyer, but entered the priesthood, was elected bishop of Toul but declined the election since it had occasioned disputes, and became bishop of Angers in 1649. He was an earnest and zealous diocesan, and a decided Jansenist; he was one of the four bishops who refused to subscribe the bull Unigenitus, which condemned the Augustinus of Jansen. His Negociations a la cow de Rome et en differentes cours d'ltalie was published after his death (5 vols., Paris, 1748). — Antoine Arnauld (b. in Paris Feb. 6, 1612; d. in Brussels Aug. 8, 1694), known as " the great Arnauld," like his brother Henri, studied law at first, but entered the Sorbonne in 1634, taking his doctor's degree and being ordained priest in 1641. In 1643 he published his work De la frequente communion, written under St. Cyran's influence (see Du Vergier de Hatjranne, Jean), with which he began a lifelong struggle against the Jesuits. Its cold and rigid severity was opposed to their system, and they attacked it bitterly, Arnauld carried the war into the enemy's country with his Thiologie morale des Jesuites (n.p., 1643), and, though for thirty years from 1648 he lived in retirement at Port Royal, his pen was never idle. He defended the cause of Jansen, maintaining in his two famous letters to the Due de Liancourt (1655) that the five condemned propositions were not found in the Augustinus. The Sorbonne condemned these writings, and in 1656 expelled him, with sixty other doctors who refused to submit to the decision, from its fellowship. He was obliged to go into hiding for a time, and, with Nicole, was sheltered by the Duchess de Longueville. But he was still, as he had been since the death of Saint Cyran (1643), the active head of the Jansenist party, working diligently to confirm the nuns of Port Royal in their opposition to the papal decrees, supplying Pascal with the material for his "Provincial Letters," and publishing numerous pamphlets and treatises against the Jesuits. When the " Peace of Clement IX." put a temporary end to the strife, Arnauld was able to turn his