THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
in two pamphlets, The Principles of Church Reform (London, 1S33) and Fragment on the Church (1844); his religious writings also include six volumes of Sermons. His historical works comprise an edition of Thucydides (3 vols., 1830-35); the History of Rome (3 vols., 1838-43, unfinished); History of the Later Roman Commonwealth (2 vols., 1845); Lectures on Modern History (Oxford, 1842). Bibliography: A. P. Stanley, Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, latest unabridged ed., London, 1901; Stanley collected also his M iscellaneous Works, 1845, and his Travelling Journals, 1S52; DNB, ii. 113-117; J. Fitch, Thomas and Matthew Arnold and their Influence on English Education, London, 1897.
ARNOLDI (or-nel'di), BARTHOLOM^US (Bartholomew of Usingen): The teacher and later the opponent of Luther; b. at Usingen (17 m. n.n.w. of Frankfort) about 1464; d. at Wiirzburg Sept. 9, 1532. He entered the University of Erfurt probably in 1484, and was made master of arts in 1491. As teacher of philosophy and by his widely circulated writings he won the high esteem of both his colleagues and his pupils, among whom Luther seems to have been specially in close relations with him. When nearly fifty, and apparently in part owing to Luther's influence, he entered the Augustinian order, and later became professor of theology in the studium generale of the order at Erfurt. He was opposed to the later exaggerations of the scholastic methods, but without going as far in this direction as Luther, in whose rejection of philosophy he saw one of the sources of what he considered the reformer's later errors. He took a decided stand against the Wittenberg theses; after he had been deserted by his brethren of the Erfurt house he attacked the reforming movement in his first controversial treatise (1522), directed against the fiery preaching of Cuelsamer and Mechler. This was followed by many others covering the whole range of the controversy, and becoming more and more bitter as his old pupils scorned his exhortations. He was finally obliged to leave Erfurt, and in 1526 is found in the Augustinian house at Wiirzburg. He was not a great theologian nor even a good Latinist; but he seems to have been an honorable man who made a thor-
revered with Christian piety and made truly productive in moral Ufe. He was the first who dared to leave on one side the traditional phraseology of the High-churchmen and the Evangelicals, and to look upon Christianity, not as a sacred treasure of the Churches and the sects, but as a divine beneficent power for every believer; not as a dead heritage from the past, but as a living spiritual power for the moral advancement of individuals and nations in the present. . He showed how classical and general histor-
ical studies may be pursued in the light of the moral ideas of Christianity, and how, on the other hand, a free and clear way of looking at things may be obtained by means of wide historical knowledge, and then applied to the interpretation of the Bible and the solution of current ecclesiastical questions. Thus he began to pull down the wall of separation which had cut off the religious life of his fellow countrymen, with their sects and Churches and rigid theological formulas and usages, from the general life and pursuits of the nation. It is also clear as day that, if longer life had been granted to him, the result of the further prosecution of his historical studies . . would have been further insight and courage to apply his historical and critical principles to the Bible. At all events, his work was subsequently further prosecuted in this direction by his friends and pupils. — Pfleiderer, The Development of Theology in Germany since Kant and its Progress in Great Britain since 1825 (London, 1890), 367-368.
ough study of his opponents' writings and learned to fight them with their own weapons. At Wiirzburg he was of great assistance to his bishop, Conrad von Thiingen, in the struggle with growing Protestantism, appeared with him at the Diet of Augsburg, and was among the theologians to whom the refutation of the Confession was committed.
(T. Kolde.)
Bibliography: G. Veesenmeyer, Kleine Beitrage zur Geschichte des Reichstags zu Augsburg, 105 sqq., Nuremberg, 1880; N. Paulus, Der Augustiner Bartholomaus Arnoldi von Usingen, in Slrasbilrger Theologische Studien, i. 3, Freiburg, 1893.
ARNOLDISTS. See Arnold of Brescia.
ARNOT, WILLIAM: Free Church, Scotland ;b. at Scone, Perthshire, Nov. 6, 1808; d. in Edinburgh June 3, 1875. He studied at Glasgow, and in 1838 became pastor of St. Peter's Church in the same city; joined the Free Church movement in 1843; in 1863 succeeded Dr. Rainy as minister of the Free High Church, Edinburgh. He paid three visits to America, the last time as delegate to the meeting of the Evangelical Alliance in New York (1873). His chief publications were : Life of James Halley (Edinburgh, 1842); The Race for Riches, and some of the Pits into which the Runners fall : Six Lectures applying the Word of God to the Traffic of Man (London, 1851); Laws from Heaven for Life on Earth : Illustrations of the Book of Proverbs (2 vols., 1857-58); The Parables of Our Lord (1864); Life of James Hamilton (1870).
Bibliography: DNB, ii 119-120; Autobiography, and Memoir by A. Fleming (his daughter), London, 1877.
ARNULF OF LISIEUX: Bishop of Lisieux (90 m. w.n.w. of Paris) 1141-77 (or 81); d. in Paris Aug. 31, 1184. He was born in Normandy, accompanied Louis VII. of France to the Holy Land on the Second Crusade in 1147, was present at the coronation of Henry II. of England in 1154, and later tried unsuccessfully to mediate between Henry and Thomas Becket; he upheld the cause of Pope Alexander III. against Victor IV. at the Synod of Tours in 1163, and spent his last days in retirement in the abbey of St. Victor in Paris. His works are in MPL, cci. 1-200; most important are his letters (Epistolm ad Henricum II., regem Anglice, Thomam archiepiscopum, et alios), which are in MPL, ut sup., 1 7-152, and, ed. J. A. Giles, in PEA.
ARNULF, SAINT, OF METZ: Bishop of Metz; b. about 580; d. July 18 of an unknown year, according to Sigebert of Gembloux (Chron., MGH, Script., vi., 1844, p. 324) 640. He early distinguished himself in deeds of arms and affairs of state, but later devoted himself to an ecclesiastical career, and in 611 or 612 was made bishop of Metz. In this position he exercised considerable influence on the government of the Frankish kingdom, as a friend of Pepin of Landen, and enjoying the confidence of the Austrasian magnates. It was to him more than to any other that Clothair II. of Neustria owed his attainment of the dominion of Austrasia. Arnulf had been married as a young man, and through his son Ansegis, who married Pepin's daughter Begga, he became the ancestor of the