RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Arnold of Brescia Arnold, Thomas
occasioned a vigorous controversy which plunged him deeper still into mysticism. From this period date his beautiful religious songs, of which a number have found a place in the evangelical hymnal. In 1704 he became pastor and inspector at Werben, in Prussia, and from that time may be dated his reconciliation with established theology. In 1707 he became inspector at Perleberg, bringing to the performance of his duties the utmost devotion and energy. Besides his church history, his writings number more than fifty, among them, Geistliche Gestalt eines evangelischen Lehrers (Halle, 1704) and Wahre Abbildung des inwendigen Christenthums (Frankfort, 1709). His hymns were edited by K. C. E. Ehmann (Stuttgart, 1856).
(F. W Dibelius.)
Bibliography: F. Dibelius, Gottfried Arnold, Berlin, 1873.
ARNOLD, MATTHEW: Church of England; b. at Laleham, near Chertsey (32 m. w.s.w. of London), Dec. 24, 1822, eldest son of Thomas Arnold (q.v.); d. in Liverpool Apr. 15, 1888. He studied at Winchester and Rugby schools, and at Balliol College, Oxford, and became fellow of Oriel 1845. In 1847 he became private secretary to the Marquis of Lansdowne, then president of the council and acting as minister of public instruction; by his influence was appointed in 1851 as inspector of schools, and held the position till 1886. He was professor of poetry at Oxford 1857-67 He was a zealous and able official and his reports upon continental schools, which he visited frequently, are valuable in educational literature. His poetry is of high rank; and as literary critic he was unrivaled in his generation. He possessed a subtle mind, a keen critical spirit, and a passionate love of truth, which, when applied to religious problems, found many defects in the current theology of the time, the chief being a disposition to rest on unprovable assumptions and to ignore the claims of reason. The greatest good he held to be progress toward perfection; and such progress could only be made by ' culture,' which meant acquaintance with the best that has been done and thought in the world. He declared that 'conduct is three-fourths of life,' characterized religion as ' morality touched with emotion,' originated the phrase ' the enduring power, not ourselves, which makes for righteousness,' and believed that ' miracles do not happen.' His works which bear on religious topics are: Culture and Anarchy (London, 1869); St. Paul and Protestantism : with an introduction on Puritanism and the Church of England (1870); Literature and Dogma, an essay toward a better appreciation of the Bible (1873); God and the Bible, a review of objections to ' Literature and Dogma ' (1875); Last Essays on Church and Religion (1877). He also edited, with prefaces and notes, the two sections of the Book of Isaiah, A Bible-Reading for Schools, the great prophecy of Israel's Restoration [Isaiah xl.lxvi.] (1872; new ed., 1875); Isaiah of Jerusalem [Isaiah i.-xxxix.] (1883). A complete edition of his works in 15 volumes was issued in London and New York, 1903-04. In accordance with his wish no authorized biography has been published, but his Letters, 1848-88 (collected and
arranged by G. W E. Russell, 2 vols., London, 1895) furnish an excellent substitute.
Bibliography: For life, DNB, Supplement, i. 70-75; G. W. E. Russell, Matthew Arnold, London, 1904. For his influence on the age, J. M. Robertson, Modern Humanists, London, 1891 ; W. H. Hudson, Studies in Interpretation, New York, 1896; J. Fitch, Thomas and Matthew Arnold and their Influence on English Education, London, 1897; G. White, Matthew Arnold and the Spirit of the Age, New York, 1898; G. Saintsbury, Matthew Arnold, London, 1899; W H. Dawson, Matthew Arnold and his Relation to the Thought of our Time, New York, 1904; J. M. Dixon, Matthew Arnold, New York, 1906 (on the religious side of his philosophy and poetry).
ARNOLD, NIKOLAUS: Reformed theologian; b. at Lissa (55 m. n.n.w. of Breslau), Poland, Dec. 17, 1618; d. at Franeker, Holland, Oct. 15, 1680. He studied under Amos Comenius, at Danzig (1635-41), and at Franeker, where Maccovius and Cocceius were his teachers. After visiting the academies of Groningen, Leyden, and Utrecht, and traveling in England, he was appointed minister at Beetgum, near Leeuwarden, Friesland, in 1645, and professor of theology at Franeker in 1651. He edited the works of Maccovius, and published, against Socinianism, Religio Sociniana seu catechesis Racoviana major publicis disputationibus refutata (Franeker, 1654); Atheismus Socinianus (1659); against the Roman Catholic Church, Apologia Amesii contra Erbamannum ; against the prophecies of Comenius concerning the millennium, Discursus theologicus contra Comenii prmtensam lucem in tenebris (1660).
ARNOLD, THOMAS: Master of Rugby and "Broad Church" leader; b. at West Cowes, Isle of Wight, June 13, 1795; d. at Rugby June 12, 1842. He studied at Warminster and Winchester schools and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, becoming a fellow of Oriel in 1815. He was ordained deacon in 1818, and in 1819 settled at Laleham, on the Thames near Staines, where he undertook to prepare a small number of young men for the universities. In 1828 he was ordained priest and appointed head master of Rugby; in 1841 he was made regius professor of modern history at Oxford, but delivered only one course of lectures. He is best known as one of the greatest of English schoolteachers; but he should be remembered no less as a keen-thinking and sharp-sighted leader of religious thought. Like Newman, Keble, and others of the reactionary High-church party, he was alarmed by the troubles political and otherwise, which appeared to be threatening the Church. But he sought safety by advocating that its doors should be opened so that all English Christians could find room within it. Differences of doctrine, constitution, and ritual he maintained were minor matters and should be disregarded; the essential thing in Christianity is practical godliness, manifesting itself in individual and social life. Church and State alike exist to help realize this ideal and each needs the othes.1 His views were expressed
1 It is Thot.as Arnold, if any one, who must be regarded as the pioneer of free theology in England. . He was the first to show to his countrymen the possibility, and to make the demand, that the Bible should be read with honest human eyes, without the spectacles of orthodox dogmatic presuppositions, and that it can at the same time be
Arnoldi
Art and Church